1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding='UTF-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">
<!-- faq-programming.xml -->
<qandadiv id="faq.programming">
<title>Programming Questions</title>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.packages">
<question><para>How do I contribute a package?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>If you are willing to be a package maintainer, great! We urgently need
volunteers to prepare and maintain packages, because the priority of the
Cygwin Team is Cygwin itself.
</para>
<para>The Cygwin Package Contributor's Guide at
<ulink url="https://cygwin.com/setup.html"/> details everything you need to know
about being a package maintainer. The quickest way to get started is to
read the <emphasis>Initial packaging procedure, script-based</emphasis> section on
that page. The <literal>generic-build-script</literal> found there works well for
most packages.
</para>
<para>For questions about package maintenance, use the cygwin-apps mailing
list (start at <ulink url="https://cygwin.com/lists.html"/>) <emphasis>after</emphasis>
searching and browsing the cygwin-apps list archives, of course. Be
sure to look at the <emphasis>Submitting a package</emphasis> checklist at
<ulink url="https://cygwin.com/setup.html"/> before sending an ITP (Intent To
Package) email to cygwin-apps.
</para>
<para>You should also announce your intentions to the general cygwin list, in
case others were thinking the same thing.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.contribute">
<question><para>How do I contribute to Cygwin?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>If you want to contribute to Cygwin itself, see
<ulink url="https://cygwin.com/contrib.html"/>.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.huge-executables">
<question><para>Why are compiled executables so huge?!?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>By default, gcc compiles in all symbols. You'll also find that gcc
creates large executables on UNIX.
</para>
<para>If that bothers you, just use the 'strip' program, part of the binutils
package. Or compile with the <literal>-s</literal> option to gcc.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.64bitporting">
<question><para>What do I have to look out for when porting applications to 64 bit Cygwin?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>The Cygwin x86_64 toolchain is using the
<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLP64#64-bit_data_models">LP64</ulink>
data model. That means, in contrast to Windows, which uses an
<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLP64#64-bit_data_models">LLP64</ulink>
data model, sizeof(long) != sizeof(int), just as on Linux.</para>
<para>For comparison:</para>
<screen>
Cygwin Windows Cygwin
Linux x86_64 Linux
Windows x86_64
i686
sizeof(int) 4 4 4
sizeof(long) 4 4 8
sizeof(size_t) 4 8 8
sizeof(void*) 4 8 8
</screen>
<para>This difference can result in interesting problems, especially when
using Win32 functions, especially when using pointers to Windows
datatypes like LONG, ULONG, DWORD. Given that Windows is LLP64, all of
the aforementioned types are 4 byte in size, on 32 as well as on 64 bit
Windows, while `long' on 64 bit Cygwin is 8 bytes.</para>
<para>Take the example ReadFile:</para>
<screen>
ReadFile (HANDLE, LPVOID, DWORD, LPDWORD, LPOVERLAPPED);
</screen>
<para>In the 32 bit Cygwin and Mingw environments, as well as in the 64 bit
Mingw environment, it is no problem to substitute DWORD with unsigned
long:</para>
<screen>
unsigned long number_of_bytes_read;
[...]
ReadFile (fhdl, buf, buflen, &number_of_bytes_read, NULL);
</screen>
<para>However, in 64 bit Cygwin, using LP64, number_of_bytes_read is 8 bytes
in size. But since ReadFile expects a pointer to a 4 byte type, the function
will only change the lower 4 bytes of number_of_bytes_read on return, while
the content of the upper 4 bytes stays undefined.</para>
<para>Here are a few <emphasis>donts</emphasis> which should help porting
applications from the known ILP32 data model of 32 bit Cygwin, to the LP64
data model of 64 bit Cygwin. Note that these are not Cygwin-only problems.
Many Linux applications suffered the same somewhat liberal handling of
datatypes when the AMD64 CPU was new.</para>
<itemizedlist mark="bullet">
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Don't</emphasis> mix up int and long in printf/scanf. This:
<screen>
int i; long l;
printf ("%d %ld\n", l, i);
</screen>
may not print what you think it should. Enable the gcc options -Wformat or
-Wall, which warn about type mismatches in printf/scanf functions.
<note>Using -Wall (optionally with -Werror to drive the point home) makes a
lot of sense in general, not only when porting code to a new platform.</note>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Don't</emphasis> mix int and long pointers.
<screen>
long *long_ptr = (long *) &my_int; /* Uh oh! */
*long_ptr = 42;
</screen>
The assignment will write 8 bytes to the address of my_int. Since my_int
is only 4 bytes, <emphasis>something else</emphasis> gets randomly overwritten.
Finding this kind of bug is very hard, because you will often see a problem
which has no immediate connection to the actual bug.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Don't</emphasis> mix int and pointers at all! This will
<emphasis>not</emphasis> work as expected anymore:
<screen>
void *ptr;
printf ("Pointer value is %x\n", ptr);
</screen>
%x denotes an int argument. The value printed by printf is a 4 byte value,
so on x86_64 the printed pointer value is missing its upper 4 bytes; the output
is very likely wrong. Use %p instead, which portable across architectures:
<screen>
void *ptr;
printf ("Pointer value is %p\n", ptr);
</screen>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
Along the same lines <emphasis>don't</emphasis> use the type int in
pointer arithmetic. Don't cast pointers to int, don't cast pointer
differences to int, and don't store pointer differences in an int type.
Use the types <literal>intptr_t</literal>, <literal>uintptr_t</literal>
and <literal>ptrdiff_t</literal> instead, they are designed for performing
architecture-independent pointer arithmetic.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Don't</emphasis> make blind assumptions about the size of a POSIX
type. For instance, <literal>time_t</literal> is 8 bytes on 64 bit Cygwin,
while it is (still, at the time of writing this) 4 bytes on 32 bit Cygwin,
since time_t is based on the type long.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Don't</emphasis> use functions returning pointers without declaration.
For instance
<screen>
printf ("Error message is: %s\n", strerror (errno));
</screen>
This code will <emphasis>crash</emphasis>, unless you included
<filename>string.h</filename>. The implicit rule in C is that an undeclared
function is of type int. But int is 4 byte and pointers are 8 byte, so the
string pointer given to printf is missing the upper 4 bytes.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Don't</emphasis> use C base types together with Win32 functions.
Keep in mind that DWORD, LONG, ULONG are <emphasis>not</emphasis> the same
as long and unsigned long. Try to use only Win32 datatypes in conjunction
with Win32 API function calls to avoid type problems. See the above
ReadFile example. Windows functions in printf calls should be treated
carefully as well. This code is common for 32 bit code, but probably prints
the wrong value on 64 bit:
<screen>
printf ("Error message is: %lu\n", GetLastError ());
</screen>
Using gcc's -Wformat option would warn about this. Casting to the requested
base type helps in this case:
<screen>
printf ("Error message is: %lu\n", (unsigned long) GetLastError ());
</screen>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>
<emphasis>Don't</emphasis> mix Windows datatypes with POSIX type-specific
MIN/MAX values.
<screen>
unsigned long l_max = ULONG_MAX; /* That's right. */
ULONG w32_biggest = ULONG_MAX; /* Hey, wait! What? */
ULONG w32_biggest = UINT_MAX; /* Ok, but borderline. */
</screen>
Again, keep in mind that ULONG (or DWORD) is <emphasis>not</emphasis> unsigned
long but rather unsigned int on 64 bit.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.64bitporting-fail">
<question><para>My project doesn't build at all on 64 bit Cygwin. What's up?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>Typically reasons for that are:</para>
<itemizedlist mark="bullet">
<listitem><para><literal>__CYGWIN32__</literal> is not defined in the
64 bit toolchain. This may hit a few projects which are around since before
Y2K. Check your project for occurences of <literal>__CYGWIN32__</literal>
and change them to <literal>__CYGWIN__</literal>, which is defined in the
Cygwin toolchain since 1998, to get the same Cygwin-specific code changes done.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The project maintainers took it for granted that Cygwin is
running only on i686 CPUs and the code is making this assumption blindly.
You have to check the code for such assumptions and fix them.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The project is using autotools, the
<filename>config.sub</filename> and <filename>config.guess</filename> files
are hopelessly outdated and don't recognize
<literal>x86_64-{pc,unknown}-cygwin</literal> as valid target. Update the
project configury (cygport will do this by default) and try again.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The project uses Windows functions on Cygwin and it's suffering
from the problems described in the preceeding FAQ entry.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>In all of this cases, please make sure to fix that upstream, or send
your patches to the upstream maintainers, so the problems get fixed for the
future.</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.64bitporting-cygwin64">
<question><para>Why is __CYGWIN64__ not defined for 64 bit?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>There is no <literal>__CYGWIN64__</literal> because we would like to
have a unified way to handle Cygwin code in portable projects. Using
<literal>__CYGWIN32__</literal> and <literal>__CYGWIN64__</literal> only
complicates the code for no good reason. Along the same lines you won't
find predefined macros <literal>__linux32__</literal> and
<literal>__linux64__</literal> on Linux.</para>
<para>If you really have to differ between 32 and 64 bit in some way, you have
three choices.</para>
<itemizedlist mark="bullet">
<listitem><para>If your code depends on the CPU architecture, use the
predefined compiler definition for the architecture, like this:</para>
<screen>
#ifdef __CYGWIN__
# ifdef __x86_64__ /* Alternatively __x86_64, __amd64__, __amd64 */
/* Code specific for AMD64 CPU */
# elif __X86__
/* Code specific for ix86 CPUs */
# else
# error Unsupported Architecture
# endif
#endif
</screen></listitem>
<listitem><para>If your code depends on differences in the data model, you
should consider to use the <literal>__LP64__</literal> definition
instead:</para>
<screen>
#ifdef __CYGWIN__
# ifdef __LP64__ /* Alternatively _LP64 */
/* Code specific for 64 bit CPUs */
# else
/* Code specific for 32 bit CPUs */
# endif
#endif
</screen></listitem>
<listitem><para>If your code uses Windows functions, and some of the
functionality is 64 bit Windows-specific, use <literal>_WIN64</literal>,
which is defined on 64 bit Cygwin, as soon as you include
<filename>windows.h</filename>. This should only be used in the most
desperate of occasions, though, and <emphasis>only</emphasis> if it's
really about a difference in Windows API functionality!</para>
<screen>
#ifdef __CYGWIN__
# ifdef _WIN64
/* Code specific for 64 bit Windows */
# else
/* Code specific for 32 bit Windows */
# endif
#endif
</screen></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.glibc">
<question><para>Where is glibc?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>Cygwin does not provide glibc. It uses newlib instead, which provides
much (but not all) of the same functionality. Porting glibc to Cygwin
would be difficult.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.objective-c">
<question><para>Where is Objective C?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>Support for compiling Objective C is available in the <literal>gcc{4}-objc</literal>
package; resulting binaries will depend on the <literal>libobjc2</literal>
package at runtime.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.make-execvp">
<question><para>Why does my make fail on Cygwin with an execvp error? </para></question>
<answer>
<para>Beware of using non-portable shell features in your Makefiles (see tips
at <ulink url="https://cygwin.com/faq/faq.html#faq.using.shell-scripts"/>).
</para>
<para>Errors of <literal>make: execvp: /bin/sh: Illegal Argument</literal> or
<literal>make: execvp: /bin/sh: Argument list too long</literal> are often
caused by the command-line being to long for the Windows execution model.
To circumvent this, mount the path of the executable using the -X switch
to enable cygexec for all executables in that folder; you will also need
to exclude non-cygwin executables with the -x switch. Enabling cygexec
causes cygwin executables to talk directly to one another, which increases
the command-line limit. To enable cygexec for <literal>/bin</literal> and
<literal>/usr/bin</literal>, you can add or change these entries in /etc/fstab:
</para>
<screen>
C:/cygwin/bin /bin ntfs binary,cygexec 0 0
C:/cygwin/bin /usr/bin ntfs binary,cygexec 0 0
</screen>
<para>If you have added other non-Cygwin programs to a path you want to mount
cygexec, you can find them with a script like this:
</para>
<screen>
#!/bin/sh
cd /bin; for f in `find . -type f -name '*.exe'`; do
cygcheck $f | (fgrep -qi cygwin1.dll || echo $f)
done
</screen>
<para>
See <ulink url="https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/using.html#mount-table"/>
for more information on using mount.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.ipc">
<question><para>How can I use IPC, or why do I get a <literal>Bad system call</literal>
error?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>
Try running cygserver. Read
<ulink url="https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/using-cygserver.html"/>. If you're
trying to use PostgreSQL, also read
<literal>/usr/share/doc/Cygwin/postgresql-*.README</literal>.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.winmain">
<question><para>Why the undefined reference to <literal>WinMain@16</literal>?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>If you're using <literal>gcc</literal>, try adding an empty main() function to one
of your sources. Or, perhaps you have <literal>-lm</literal> too early in the
link command line. It should be at the end:
</para>
<screen>
bash$ gcc hello.c -lm
bash$ ./a.exe
Hello World!
</screen>
<para>works, but
</para>
<screen>
bash$ gcc -lm hello.c
/c/TEMP/ccjLEGlU.o(.text+0x10):hello.c: multiple definition of `main'
/usr/lib/libm.a(libcmain.o)(.text+0x0):libcmain.c: first defined here
/usr/lib/libm.a(libcmain.o)(.text+0x6a):libcmain.c: undefined reference to `WinMain@16'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
</screen>
<para>If you're using GCJ, you need to pass a "--main" flag:
</para>
<screen>
gcj --main=Hello Hello.java
</screen>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.win32-api">
<question><para>How do I use Win32 API calls?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>Cygwin tools require that you explicitly link the import libraries
for whatever Win32 API functions that you are going to use, with the exception
of kernel32, which is linked automatically (because the startup and/or
built-in code uses it).
</para>
<para>For example, to use graphics functions (GDI) you must link
with gdi32 like this:
</para>
<para>gcc -o foo.exe foo.o bar.o -lgdi32
</para>
<para>or (compiling and linking in one step):
</para>
<para>gcc -o foo.exe foo.c bar.c -lgdi32
</para>
<para>The regular setup allows you to use the option -mwindows on the
command line to include a set of the basic libraries (and also
make your program a GUI program instead of a console program),
including user32, gdi32 and comdlg32.
</para>
<para>It is a good idea to put import libraries last on your link line,
or at least after all the object files and static libraries that reference them.
</para>
<note><para>There are a few restrictions for calls to the Win32 API.
For details, see the User's Guide section
<ulink url="https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-env.html#setup-env-win32">Restricted Win32 environment</ulink>,
as well as the User's Guide section
<ulink url="https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/using.html#pathnames-win32-api">Using the Win32 file API in Cygwin applications</ulink>.</para></note>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.win32-no-cygwin">
<question><para>How do I compile a Win32 executable that doesn't use Cygwin?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>The compilers provided by the <literal>mingw-gcc</literal>,
<literal>mingw64-i686-gcc</literal>, and <literal>mingw64-x86_64-gcc</literal>
packages link against standard Microsoft DLLs instead of Cygwin. This is
desirable for native Windows programs that don't need a UNIX emulation layer.
</para>
<para>This is not to be confused with 'MinGW' (Minimalist GNU for Windows),
which is a completely separate effort. That project's home page is
<ulink url="http://www.mingw.org/index.shtml"/>.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.static-linking">
<question><para>Can I build a Cygwin program that does not require cygwin1.dll at runtime?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>No. If your program uses the Cygwin API, then your executable cannot
run without cygwin1.dll. In particular, it is not possible to
statically link with a Cygwin library to obtain an independent,
self-contained executable.
</para>
<para>If this is an issue because you intend to distribute your Cygwin
application, then you had better read and understand
<ulink url="https://cygwin.com/licensing.html"/>, which explains the licensing
options. Unless you purchase a special commercial license from Red
Hat, then your Cygwin application must be Open Source.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.msvcrt-and-cygwin">
<question><para>Can I link with both MSVCRT*.DLL and cygwin1.dll?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>No, you must use one or the other, they are mutually exclusive.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.no-console-window">
<question><para>How do I make the console window go away?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>The default during compilation is to produce a console application.
It you are writing a GUI program, you should either compile with
-mwindows as explained above, or add the string
"-Wl,--subsystem,windows" to the GCC command line.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.make-spaces">
<question><para>Why does make complain about a "missing separator"?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>This problem usually occurs as a result of someone editing a Makefile
with a text editor that replaces tab characters with spaces. Command
lines must start with tabs. This is not specific to Cygwin.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.win32-headers">
<question><para>Why can't we redistribute Microsoft's Win32 headers?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>Subsection 2.d.f of the `Microsoft Open Tools License agreement' looks
like it says that one may not "permit further redistribution of the
Redistributables to their end users". We take this to mean that we can
give them to you, but you can't give them to anyone else, which is
something that we can't agree to. Fortunately, we
have our own Win32 headers which are pretty complete.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.msvs-mingw">
<question><para>How do I use <literal>cygwin1.dll</literal> with Visual Studio or MinGW?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>Before you begin, note that Cygwin is licensed under the GNU GPL (as
indeed are many other Cygwin-based libraries). That means that if your
code links against the Cygwin dll (and if your program is calling
functions from Cygwin, it must, as a matter of fact, be linked against
it), you must apply the GPL to your source as well. Of course, this
only matters if you plan to distribute your program in binary form. For
more information, see <ulink url="http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html"/>. If
that is not a problem, read on.
</para>
<para>If you want to load the DLL dynamically, read
<literal>winsup/cygwin/how-cygtls-works.txt</literal> and the sample code in
<literal>winsup/testsuite/cygload</literal> to understand how this works.
The short version is:
</para>
<orderedlist><listitem><para>Make sure you have 4K of scratch space at the bottom of your stack.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Invoke <literal>cygwin_dll_init()</literal>:
<screen>
HMODULE h = LoadLibrary("cygwin1.dll");
void (*init)() = GetProcAddress(h, "cygwin_dll_init");
init();
</screen>
</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>If you want to link statically from Visual Studio, to my knowledge
none of the Cygwin developers have done this, but we have this report
from the mailing list that it can be done this way:
</para>
<orderedlist><listitem><para>Use the impdef program to generate a .def file for the cygwin1.dll
(if you build the cygwin dll from source, you will already have a def
file)
</para>
<screen>
impdef cygwin1.dll > cygwin1.def
</screen>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Use the MS VS linker (lib) to generate an import library
</para>
<screen>
lib /def=cygwin1.def /out=cygwin1.lib
</screen>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Create a file "my_crt0.c" with the following contents
</para>
<screen>
#include <sys/cygwin.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
typedef int (*MainFunc) (int argc, char *argv[], char **env);
void
my_crt0 (MainFunc f)
{
cygwin_crt0(f);
}
</screen>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Use gcc in a Cygwin prompt to build my_crt0.c into a DLL
(e.g. my_crt0.dll). Follow steps 1 and 2 to generate .def and
.lib files for the DLL.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Download crt0.c from the cygwin website and include it in
your sources. Modify it to call my_crt0() instead of
cygwin_crt0().
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Build your object files using the MS VC compiler cl.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Link your object files, cygwin1.lib, and my_crt0.lib (or
whatever you called it) into the executable.
</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Note that if you are using any other Cygwin based libraries
that you will probably need to build them as DLLs using gcc and
then generate import libraries for the MS VC linker.
</para>
<para>Thanks to Alastair Growcott (alastair dot growcott at bakbone dot co
dot uk) for this tip.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.linking-lib">
<question><para>How do I link against a <literal>.lib</literal> file?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>If your <literal>.lib</literal> file is a normal static or import library with
C-callable entry points, you can list <literal>foo.lib</literal> as an object file for
gcc/g++, just like any <literal>*.o</literal> file. Otherwise, here are some steps:
</para>
<orderedlist><listitem><para>Build a C file with a function table. Put all functions you intend
to use in that table. This forces the linker to include all the object
files from the .lib. Maybe there is an option to force LINK.EXE to
include an object file.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Build a dummy 'LibMain'.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Build a .def with all the exports you need.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Link with your .lib using link.exe.
</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>or
</para>
<orderedlist><listitem><para>Extract all the object files from the .lib using LIB.EXE.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Build a dummy C file referencing all the functions you need, either
with a direct call or through an initialized function pointer.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Build a dummy LibMain.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Link all the objects with this file+LibMain.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Write a .def.
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Link.
</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>You can use these methods to use MSVC (and many other runtime libs)
with Cygwin development tools.
</para>
<para>Note that this is a lot of work (half a day or so), but much less than
rewriting the runtime library in question from specs...
</para>
<para>Thanks to Jacob Navia (root at jacob dot remcomp dot fr) for this explanation.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.building-cygwin">
<question><para>How do I build Cygwin on my own?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>First, you need to make sure you have the necessary build tools
installed; you at least need <literal>gcc-g++</literal>, <literal>make</literal>,
<literal>perl</literal>, <literal>cocom</literal>, <literal>gettext</literal>, <literal>gettext-devel</literal>,
and <literal>zlib-devel</literal>.
Building for 32-bit Cygwin also requires <literal>libiconv</literal>,
<literal>mingw64-i686-gcc-g++</literal>, <literal>mingw64-i686-zlib</literal>,
and <literal>mingw64-x86_64-gcc-core</literal>.
Building for 64-bit Cygwin also requires <literal>libiconv-devel</literal>,
<literal>mingw64-x86_64-gcc-g++</literal>, and
<literal>mingw64-x86_64-zlib</literal>.
If you want to run the tests, <literal>dejagnu</literal> is also required.
Normally, building ignores any errors in building the documentation,
which requires the <literal>dblatex</literal>,
<literal>docbook-xml45</literal>, <literal>docbook-xsl</literal>, and
<literal>xmlto</literal> packages. For more information on building the
documentation, see the README included in the <literal>cygwin-doc</literal> package.
</para>
<para>Next, get the Cygwin source. Ideally, you should check out what you
need from GIT (<ulink url="https://cygwin.com/git.html"/>). This is the
<emphasis>preferred method</emphasis> for acquiring the sources. Otherwise,
if you are trying to duplicate a cygwin release then you should download the
corresponding source package
(<literal>cygwin-x.y.z-n-src.tar.bz2</literal>). </para>
<para>You <emphasis>must</emphasis> build cygwin in a separate directory from
the source, so create something like a <literal>build/</literal> directory.
Assuming you checked out the source in <literal>/oss/src/</literal>, and you
also want to install to the temporary location <literal>install</literal>:
</para>
<screen>
mkdir /oss/build
mkdir /oss/install
cd build
(/oss/src/configure --prefix=/oss/install -v; make) >& make.out
make install > install.log 2>&1
</screen>
<para>
If the build works, install everything <emphasis>except</emphasis> the dll (if
you can). Then, close down all cygwin programs (including bash windows,
inetd, etc.), save your old dll, and copy the new dll to the correct
place. Then start up a bash window, or run a cygwin program from the
Windows command prompt, and see what happens.
</para>
<para>If you get the error "shared region is corrupted" it means that two
different versions of cygwin1.dll are running on your machine at the
same time. Remove all but one.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.debugging-cygwin">
<question><para>I may have found a bug in Cygwin, how can I debug it (the symbols in gdb look funny)?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>Debugging symbols are stripped from distibuted Cygwin binaries, so to
debug with <command>gdb</command> you will need to install the
<package>cygwin-debuginfo</package> package to obtain the debug symbols for
<filename>cygwin1.dll</filename>
</para>
<para>
If your bug causes an exception inside <filename>cygwin1.dll</filename> you will
need to use the <command>gdb</command> command <userinput>set cygwin-exceptions
on</userinput> to tell <command>gdb</command> to stop on exceptions inside the
Cygwin DLL (by default they are ignored, as they may be generated during normal
operation e.g. when checking a pointer is valid)
</para>
<para>
It is also a good
idea to use the latest code in case the bug has been fixed, so we
recommend trying the latest snapshot from
<ulink url="https://cygwin.com/snapshots/"/> or building the DLL from git.
</para>
<para>To build a debugging version of the Cygwin DLL, you will need to follow
the instructions at <ulink url="https://cygwin.com/faq/faq.html#faq.programming.building-cygwin"/>.
</para>
<para>
You can also contact the mailing list for pointers (a simple test case that
demonstrates the bug is always welcome).
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.compiling-unsupported">
<question><para>How can I compile Cygwin for an unsupported platform (PowerPC, Alpha, ARM, Itanium)?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>Unfortunately, this will be difficult. Exception handling and signals
support semantics and args have been designed for x86 so you would need
to write specific support for your platform. We don't know of any other
incompatibilities. Please send us patches if you do this work!
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.adjusting-heap">
<question><para>How can I adjust the heap/stack size of an application?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>If you need to change the maximum amount of memory available to Cygwin, see
<ulink url="https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/setup-maxmem.html"/>. Otherwise,
just pass heap/stack linker arguments to gcc. To create foo.exe with
a heap size of 200MB and a stack size of 8MB, you would invoke
gcc as:
</para>
<para><literal>gcc -Wl,--heap,200000000,--stack,8000000 -o foo foo.c</literal>
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.dll-cygcheck">
<question><para>How can I find out which DLLs are needed by an executable?</para></question>
<answer>
<para><literal>objdump -p</literal> provides this information, but is rather verbose.
</para>
<para><literal>cygcheck</literal> will do this much more concisely, and operates
recursively, provided the command is in your path.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.dll-building">
<question><para>How do I build a DLL?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>There's documentation that explains the process in the Cygwin User's
Guide here: <ulink url="https://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/dll.html"/>.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.breakpoint">
<question><para>How can I set a breakpoint at MainCRTStartup?</para></question>
<answer>
<para><emphasis role='bold'>(Please note: This section has not yet been updated for the latest net release.)</emphasis>
</para>
<para>Set a breakpoint at *0x401000 in gdb and then run the program in
question.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.debug">
<question><para>How can I debug what's going on?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>You can debug your application using <literal>gdb</literal>. Make sure you
compile it with the -g flag! If your application calls functions in
MS DLLs, gdb will complain about not being able to load debug information
for them when you run your program. This is normal since these DLLs
don't contain debugging information (and even if they did, that debug
info would not be compatible with gdb).
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.system-trace">
<question><para>Can I use a system trace mechanism instead?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>Yes. You can use the <literal>strace.exe</literal> utility to run other cygwin
programs with various debug and trace messages enabled. For information
on using <literal>strace</literal>, see the Cygwin User's Guide.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.gdb-signals">
<question><para>How does gdb handle signals?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>
gdb maps known Windows exceptions to signals such as SIGSEGV, SIGFPE, SIGTRAP,
SIGINT and SIGILL. Other Windows exceptions are passed on to the handler (if
any), and reported as an unknown signal if an unhandled (second chance)
exception occurs.
</para>
<para>
There is also an experimental feature to notify gdb of purely Cygwin signals
like SIGABRT, SIGHUP or SIGUSR1. This currently has some known problems, for
example, single-stepping from these signals may not work as expected.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.linker">
<question><para>The linker complains that it can't find something.</para></question>
<answer>
<para>A common error is to put the library on the command line before
the thing that needs things from it.
</para>
<para>This is wrong <literal>gcc -lstdc++ hello.cc</literal>.
This is right <literal>gcc hello.cc -lstdc++</literal>.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.stat64">
<question><para>Why do I get an error using <literal>struct stat64</literal>?</para></question>
<answer>
<para><literal>struct stat64</literal> is not used in Cygwin, just
use <literal>struct stat</literal>. It's 64 bit aware.</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.libc">
<question><para>Can you make DLLs that are linked against libc ?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>Yes.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.malloc-h">
<question><para>Where is malloc.h?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>It exists, but you should rather include stdlib.h instead of malloc.h.
stdlib.h is POSIX standard for defining malloc and friends, malloc.h is
definitely non-standard.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.own-malloc">
<question><para>Can I use my own malloc?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>If you define a function called <literal>malloc</literal> in your own code, and link
with the DLL, the DLL <emphasis>will</emphasis> call your <literal>malloc</literal>. Needless to
say, you will run into serious problems if your malloc is buggy.
</para>
<para>If you run any programs from the DOS command prompt, rather than from in
bash, the DLL will try and expand the wildcards on the command line.
This process uses <literal>malloc</literal> <emphasis>before</emphasis> your main line is started.
If you have written your own <literal>malloc</literal> to need some initialization
to occur after <literal>main</literal> is called, then this will surely break.
</para>
<para>Moreover, there is an outstanding issue with <literal>_malloc_r</literal> in
<literal>newlib</literal>. This re-entrant version of <literal>malloc</literal> will be called
directly from within <literal>newlib</literal>, by-passing your custom version, and
is probably incompatible with it. But it may not be possible to replace
<literal>_malloc_r</literal> too, because <literal>cygwin1.dll</literal> does not export it and
Cygwin does not expect your program to replace it. This is really a
newlib issue, but we are open to suggestions on how to deal with it.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.msvc-gcc-objects">
<question><para>Can I mix objects compiled with msvc++ and gcc?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>Yes, but only if you are combining C object files. MSVC C++ uses a
different mangling scheme than GNU C++, so you will have difficulties
combining C++ objects.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.gdb-msvc">
<question><para>Can I use the gdb debugger to debug programs built by VC++?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>No, not for full (high level source language) debugging.
The Microsoft compilers generate a different type of debugging
symbol information, which gdb does not understand.
</para>
<para>However, the low-level (assembly-type) symbols generated by
Microsoft compilers are coff, which gdb DOES understand.
Therefore you should at least be able to see all of your
global symbols; you just won't have any information about
data types, line numbers, local variables etc.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.make-scripts">
<question><para>Shell scripts aren't running properly from my makefiles?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>If your scripts are in the current directory, you must have <literal>.</literal>
(dot) in your $PATH. (It is not normally there by default.) Better yet,
add /bin/sh in front of each and every shell script invoked in your Makefiles.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.preprocessor">
<question><para>What preprocessor macros do I need to know about?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>gcc for Cygwin defines __CYGWIN__ when building for a Cygwin
environment.
</para>
<para>Microsoft defines the preprocessor symbol _WIN32 in their Windows
development environment.
</para>
<para>In gcc for Cygwin, _WIN32 is only defined when you use the -mwin32
gcc command line options. This is because Cygwin is supposed to be a
POSIX emulation environment in the first place and defining _WIN32 confuses
some programs which think that they have to make special concessions for
a Windows environment which Cygwin handles automatically.
</para>
<para>Check out the predefined symbols in detail by running, for example
</para>
<screen>
$ gcc -dM -E -xc /dev/null >gcc.txt
$ gcc -mwin32 -dM -E -xc /dev/null >gcc-mwin32.txt
</screen>
<para>Then use the diff and grep utilities to check what the difference is.
</para>
</answer></qandaentry>
<qandaentry id="faq.programming.unix-gui">
<question><para>How should I port my Unix GUI to Windows?</para></question>
<answer>
<para>Like other Unix-like platforms, the Cygwin distribtion includes many of
the common GUI toolkits, including X11, X Athena widgets, Motif, Tk, GTK+,
and Qt. Many programs which rely on these toolkits will work with little, if
any, porting work if they are otherwise portable. However, there are a few
things to look out for:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>Some packages written for both Windows and X11 incorrectly
treat Cygwin as a Windows platform rather than a Unix variant. Mixing Cygwin's
Unix APIs with Windows' GDI is best avoided; rather, remove these assumptions
so that Cygwin is treated like other X11 platforms.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>GTK+ programs which use <literal>gtk_builder_connect_signals()</literal>
or <literal>glade_xml_signal_autoconnect()</literal> need to be able to
<literal>dlopen()</literal> themselves. In order for this to work, the program
must be linked with the <literal>-Wl,--export-all-symbols</literal> linker flag.
This can be added to LDFLAGS manually, or handled automatically with the
<literal>-export-dynamic</literal> libtool flag (requires libtool 2.2.8) or
by adding <literal>gmodule-export-2.0</literal> to the pkg-config modules used
to build the package.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Programs which include their own loadable modules (plugins)
often must have its modules linked against the symbols in the program. The
most portable solution is for such programs to provide all its symbols (except
for <literal>main()</literal>) in a shared library, against which the plugins
can be linked. Otherwise, the symbols from the executable itself must be
exported.</para>
<para>If the package uses the CMake build system, this can be done by adding
<literal>ENABLE_EXPORTS TRUE</literal> to the executable's <literal>set_target_properties</literal>
command, then adding the executable's target name to the <literal>target_link_libraries</literal>
command for the plugins.</para>
<para>For other build systems, the following steps are required:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>The executable must be built before its plugins.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Symbols must be exported from the executable with a
<literal>-Wl,--export-all-symbols,--out-implib,libfoo.exe.a</literal>
linker flag, where <literal>foo</literal> represents the name of the
executable.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The plugins must be linked with a <literal>-Wl,/path/to/libfoo.exe.a</literal>
linker flag.</para></listitem>
</orderedlist></listitem></orderedlist>
</answer></qandaentry>
</qandadiv>
|