path: root/winsup/doc/specialnames.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding='UTF-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
		"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">

<sect1 id="using-specialnames"><title>Special filenames</title>

<sect2 id="pathnames-etc"><title>Special files in /etc</title>

<para>Certain files in Cygwin's <filename>/etc</filename> directory are
read by Cygwin before the mount table has been established.  The list
of files is</para>

<screen>
  /etc/fstab
  /etc/fstab.d/$USER
  /etc/passwd
  /etc/group
</screen>

<para>These file are read using native Windows NT functions which have
no notion of Cygwin symlinks or POSIX paths.  For that reason
there are a few requirements as far as <filename>/etc</filename> is
concerned.</para>

<para>To access these files, the Cygwin DLL evaluates it's own full
Windows path, strips off the innermost directory component and adds
"\etc".  Let's assume the Cygwin DLL is installed as
<filename>C:\cygwin\bin\cygwin1.dll</filename>.  First the DLL name as
well as the innermost directory (<filename>bin</filename>) is stripped
off: <filename>C:\cygwin\</filename>.  Then "etc" and the filename to
look for is attached: <filename>C:\cygwin\etc\fstab</filename>.  So the
/etc directory must be parallel to the directory in which the cygwin1.dll
exists and <filename>/etc</filename> must not be a Cygwin symlink
pointing to another directory.  Consequentially none of the files from
the above list, including the directory <filename>/etc/fstab.d</filename>
is allowed to be a Cygwin symlink either.</para>

<para>However, native NTFS symlinks and reparse points are transparent
when accessing the above files so all these files as well as
<filename>/etc</filename> itself may be NTFS symlinks.</para>

<para>Last but not least, make sure that these files are world-readable.
Every process of any user account has to read these files potentially,
so world-readability is essential.  The only exception are the user
specific files <filename>/etc/fstab.d/$USER</filename>, which only have
to be readable by the $USER user account itself.</para>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="pathnames-dosdevices"><title>Invalid filenames</title>

<para>Filenames invalid under Win32 are not necessarily invalid under Cygwin.
There are a few rules which apply to Windows filenames.  Most notably, DOS
device names like <filename>AUX</filename>, <filename>COM1</filename>,
<filename>LPT1</filename> or <filename>PRN</filename> (to name a few)
cannot be used as filename or extension in a native Win32 application.
So filenames like <filename>prn.txt</filename> or <filename>foo.aux</filename>
are invalid filenames for native Win32 applications.</para>

<para>This restriction doesn't apply to Cygwin applications.  Cygwin
can create and access files with such names just fine.  Just don't try
to use these files with native Win32 applications.</para>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="pathnames-specialchars">
<title>Forbidden characters in filenames</title>

<para>Some characters are disallowed in filenames on Windows filesystems.
These forbidden characters are the ASCII control characters from ASCII
value 1 to 31, plus the following characters which have a special meaning
in the Win32 API:</para>

<screen>
  "   *   :   &lt;   &gt;   ?   |   \
</screen>

<para>Cygwin can't fix this, but it has a method to workaround this
restriction.  All of the above characters, except for the backslash,
are converted to special UNICODE characters in the range 0xf000 to 0xf0ff
(the "Private use area") when creating or accessing files by adding 0xf000
to the forbidden characters' code points.</para>

<para>The backslash has to be exempt from this conversion, because Cygwin
accepts Win32 filenames including backslashes as path separators on input. 
Converting backslashes using the above method would make this impossible.</para>

<para>Additionally Win32 filenames can't contain trailing dots and spaces
for DOS backward compatibility.  When trying to create files with trailing
dots or spaces, all of them are removed before the file is created.  This
restriction only affects native Win32 applications.  Cygwin applications
can create and access files with trailing dots and spaces without problems.
</para>

<para>An exception from this rule are some network filesystems (NetApp,
NWFS) which choke on these filenames.  They return with an error like
"No such file or directory" when trying to create such files.  Cygwin
recognizes these filesystems and works around this problem by applying
the same rule as for the other forbidden characters.  Leading spaces and
trailing dots and spaces will be converted to UNICODE characters in the
private use area.  This behaviour can be switched on explicitely for a
filesystem or a directory tree by using the mount option
<literal>dos</literal>.</para>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="pathnames-unusual">
<title>Filenames with unusual (foreign) characters</title>

<para> Windows filesystems use Unicode encoded as UTF-16
to store filename information.  If you don't use the UTF-8
character set (see <xref linkend="setup-locale"></xref>) then there's a
chance that a filename is using one or more characters which have no
representation in the character set you're using.</para>

<note><para>In the default "C" locale, Cygwin creates filenames using
the UTF-8 charset.  This will always result in some valid filename by
default, but again might impose problems when switching to a non-"C"
or non-"UTF-8" charset.</para></note>

<note><para>To avoid this scenario altogether, always use UTF-8 as the
character set.</para></note>

<para>If you don't want or can't use UTF-8 as character set for whatever
reason, you will nevertheless be able to access the file.  How does that
work?  When Cygwin converts the filename from UTF-16 to your character
set, it recognizes characters which can't be converted.  If that occurs,
Cygwin replaces the non-convertible character with a special character
sequence.  The sequence starts with an ASCII CAN character (hex code
0x18, equivalent Control-X), followed by the UTF-8 representation of the
character.  The result is a filename containing some ugly looking
characters.  While it doesn't <emphasis role='bold'>look</emphasis> nice, it
<emphasis role='bold'>is</emphasis> nice, because Cygwin knows how to convert
this filename back to UTF-16.  The filename will be converted using your
usual character set.  However, when Cygwin recognizes an ASCII CAN
character, it skips over the ASCII CAN and handles the following bytes as
a UTF-8 character.  Thus, the filename is symmetrically converted back to
UTF-16 and you can access the file.</para>

<note><para>Please be aware that this method is not entirely foolproof.
In some character set combinations it might not work for certain native
characters.</para>

<para>Only by using the UTF-8 charset you can avoid this problem safely.
</para></note>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="pathnames-casesensitive">
<title>Case sensitive filenames</title>

<para>In the Win32 subsystem filenames are only case-preserved, but not
case-sensitive.  You can't access two files in the same directory which
only differ by case, like <filename>Abc</filename> and
<filename>aBc</filename>.  While NTFS (and some remote filesystems)
support case-sensitivity, the NT kernel does not support it by default.
Rather, you have to tweak a registry setting and reboot.  For that reason,
case-sensitivity can not be supported by Cygwin, unless you change that
registry value.</para>

<para>If you really want case-sensitivity in Cygwin, you can switch it
on by setting the registry value</para>

<screen>
HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\kernel\obcaseinsensitive
</screen>

<para>to 0 and reboot the machine.</para>

<note>
<para>
When installing Microsoft's Services For Unix (SFU), you're asked if
you want to use case-sensitive filenames.  If you answer "yes" at this point,
the installer will change the aforementioned registry value to 0, too.  So, if
you have SFU installed, there's some chance that the registry value is already
set to case sensitivity.
</para>
</note>

<para>After you set this registry value to 0, Cygwin will be case-sensitive
by default on NTFS and NFS filesystems.  However, there are limitations: 
while two <emphasis role='bold'>programs</emphasis> <filename>Abc.exe</filename>
and <filename>aBc.exe</filename> can be created and accessed like other files,
starting applications is still case-insensitive due to Windows limitations
and so the program you try to launch may not be the one actually started.  Also,
be aware that using two filenames which only differ by case might
result in some weird interoperability issues with native Win32 applications.  
You're using case-sensitivity at your own risk.  You have been warned! </para>

<para>Even if you use case-sensitivity, it might be feasible to switch to
case-insensitivity for certain paths for better interoperability with
native Win32 applications (even if it's just Windows Explorer).  You can do
this on a per-mount point base, by using the "posix=0" mount option in
<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, or your <filename>/etc/fstab.d/$USER</filename>
file.</para>

<para><filename>/cygdrive</filename> paths are case-insensitive by default.
The reason is that the native Windows %PATH% environment variable is not
always using the correct case for all paths in it.  As a result, if you use
case-sensitivity on the <filename>/cygdrive</filename> prefix, your shell
might claim that it can't find Windows commands like <command>attrib</command>
or <command>net</command>.  To ease the pain, the <filename>/cygdrive</filename>
path is case-insensitive by default and you have to use the "posix=1" setting
explicitly in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> or
<filename>/etc/fstab.d/$USER</filename> to switch it to case-sensitivity,
or you have to make sure that the native Win32 %PATH% environment variable
is using the correct case for all paths throughout.</para>

<para>Note that mount points as well as device names and virtual
paths like /proc are always case-sensitive!  The only exception are
the subdirectories and filenames under /proc/registry, /proc/registry32
and /proc/registry64.  Registry access is always case-insensitive.
Read on for more information.</para>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="pathnames-casesensitivedirs">
<title>Case sensitive directories</title>

<para>Windows 10 1803 introduced a new feature: NTFS directories can be marked
as case-sensitive, independently of the <literal>obcaseinsensitive</literal>
registry key discussed in the previous section.  This new per-directory
case-sensitivity requires setting a flag in the NTFS filesystem header which
is, unfortunately, undocumented.  The result is that you have to activate
<literal>Windows Subsystem for Linux</literal> (<literal>WSL</literal>), a
feature available via <literal>Programs and Features</literal> ->
<literal>Turn Windows features on or off</literal>.  You only have to activate
<literal>WSL</literal>, you don't have to install any actual Linux.  After
turning <literal>WSL</literal> on and performing the compulsory reboot,
case-sensitive directories are activated.</para>

<para>Of course, there's a drawback.  While these case-sensitive directories
work like charm on the local machine, there are massive interoperability
problems when trying to access these directories from remote machines at
the time of writing this.  We opened a bug report for that at
<ulink url="https://github.com/Microsoft/WSL/issues/3885">Microsoft's WSL issue tracker</ulink>,
if you're interested in the details.</para>

<note><para>If you want case-sensitivity and need interoperability with remote
machines, better stick to switching the kernel to case-sensitivity as
outlined in <xref linkend="pathnames-casesensitive"></xref></para></note>

<para>With <literal>WSL</literal> activated and starting with Cygwin 3.0.0,
Cygwin's <command>mkdir</command> system call automatically created all
directories below the Cygwin installation directory as case-sensitive.
With Cygwin 3.0.2, this feature had been disabled again for hopefully
obvious reasons.</para>

<para>However, you can still use Cygwin's new
<xref linkend="chattr"></xref> tool with the <literal>-C</literal> option
to control case-sensitivity of directories on NTFS filesystems.</para>

<para>Please keep in mind that switching <emphasis>off</emphasis>
case-sensitivity on a directory has a condition attached to it:  If
the directory contains two files which only differ in case (e. g.,
<filename>foo</filename> and <filename>FOO</filename>), Windows
refuses to convert the dir back to case-insensitive.  First you have
to fix the filename collision, i. e., you have to rename one of these
files.</para>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="pathnames-posixdevices"> <title>POSIX devices</title>
<para>While there is no need to create a POSIX <filename>/dev</filename> 
directory, the directory is automatically created as part of a Cygwin
installation.  It's existence is often a prerequisit to run certain
applications which create symbolic links, fifos, or UNIX sockets in
<filename>/dev</filename>.  Also, the directories <filename>/dev/shm</filename>
and <filename>/dev/mqueue</filename> are required to exist to use named POSIX
semaphores, shared memory, and message queues, so a system without a real
<filename>/dev</filename> directory is functionally crippled.
</para>

<para>Apart from that, Cygwin automatically simulates POSIX devices
internally.  The <filename>/dev</filename> directory is automagically
populated with existing POSIX devices by Cygwin in a way comparable with a
<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev">udev</ulink> based virtual
<filename>/dev</filename> directory under Linux.</para>

<para>
Cygwin supports the following character devices commonly found on POSIX systems:
</para>

<screen>
/dev/null
/dev/zero
/dev/full

/dev/console	Pseudo device name for the current console window of a session.
		Cygwin's /dev/console is not quite comparable with the console
		device on UNIX machines.

/dev/cons0      Console sessions are numbered from  /dev/cons0 upwards.
/dev/cons1	Console device names are pseudo device names, only accessible
...		from processes within this very console session.  This is due
		to a restriction in Windows.

/dev/tty	The current controlling tty of a session.

/dev/ptmx	Pseudo tty master device.

/dev/pty0	Pseudo ttys are numbered from /dev/pty0 upwards as they are
/dev/pty1	requested.
...

/dev/ttyS0	Serial communication devices.  ttyS0 == Win32 COM1,
/dev/ttyS1	ttyS1 == COM2, etc.
...

/dev/pipe
/dev/fifo

/dev/kmsg	Kernel message pipe, for usage with sys logger services.

/dev/random	Random number generator.
/dev/urandom

/dev/dsp	Default sound device of the system.
</screen>

<para>
Cygwin also has several Windows-specific devices:
</para>

<screen>
/dev/com1	The serial ports, starting with COM1 which is the same as ttyS0.
/dev/com2	Please use /dev/ttySx instead.
...

/dev/conin	Same as Windows CONIN$.
/dev/conout	Same as Windows CONOUT$.
/dev/clipboard	The Windows clipboard, text only
/dev/windows	The Windows message queue.
</screen>

<para>
Block devices are accessible by Cygwin processes using fixed POSIX device
names.  These POSIX device names are generated using a direct conversion
from the POSIX namespace to the internal NT namespace.
E.g. the first harddisk is the NT internal device \device\harddisk0\partition0
or the first partition on the third harddisk is \device\harddisk2\partition1.
The first floppy in the system is \device\floppy0, the first CD-ROM is
\device\cdrom0 and the first tape drive is \device\tape0.</para>

<para>The mapping from physical device to the name of the device in the
internal NT namespace can be found in various places.  For hard disks and
CD/DVD drives, the Windows "Disk Management" utility (part of the
"Computer Management" console) shows that the mapping of "Disk 0" is
\device\harddisk0.  "CD-ROM 2" is \device\cdrom2.  Another place to find
this mapping is the "Device Management" console.  Disks have a
"Location" number, tapes have a "Tape Symbolic Name", etc.
Unfortunately, the places where this information is found is not very
well-defined.</para>

<para>
For external disks (USB-drives, CF-cards in a cardreader, etc) you can use
Cygwin to show the mapping.  <filename>/proc/partitions</filename>
contains a list of raw drives known to Cygwin.  The <command>df</command>
command shows a list of drives and their respective sizes.  If you match
the information between <filename>/proc/partitions</filename> and the
<command>df</command> output, you should be able to figure out which
external drive corresponds to which raw disk device name.</para>

<note><para>Apart from tape devices which are not block devices and are
by default accessed directly, accessing mass storage devices raw
is something you should only do if you know what you're doing and know how to
handle the information.  <emphasis role='bold'>Writing</emphasis> to a raw
mass storage device you should only do if you
<emphasis role='bold'>really</emphasis> know what you're doing and are aware
of the fact that any mistake can destroy important information, for the
device, and for you.  So, please, handle this ability with care.
<emphasis role='bold'>You have been warned.</emphasis></para></note>

<para>
Last but not least, the mapping from POSIX /dev namespace to internal
NT namespace is as follows:
</para>

<screen>
POSIX device name     Internal NT device name

/dev/st0	      \device\tape0, rewind
/dev/nst0	      \device\tape0, no-rewind
/dev/st1	      \device\tape1
/dev/nst1	      \device\tape1
...
/dev/st15
/dev/nst15

/dev/fd0	      \device\floppy0
/dev/fd1	      \device\floppy1
...
/dev/fd15

/dev/sr0	      \device\cdrom0
/dev/sr1	      \device\cdrom1
...
/dev/sr15

/dev/scd0	      \device\cdrom0
/dev/scd1	      \device\cdrom1
...
/dev/scd15

/dev/sda	      \device\harddisk0\partition0	(whole disk)
/dev/sda1	      \device\harddisk0\partition1	(first partition)
...
/dev/sda15	      \device\harddisk0\partition15	(fifteenth partition)

/dev/sdb	      \device\harddisk1\partition0
/dev/sdb1	      \device\harddisk1\partition1

[up to]

/dev/sddx	      \device\harddisk127\partition0
/dev/sddx1	      \device\harddisk127\partition1
...
/dev/sddx15	      \device\harddisk127\partition15
</screen>

<para>
if you don't like these device names, feel free to create symbolic
links as they are created on Linux systems for convenience:
</para>

<screen>
ln -s /dev/sr0 /dev/cdrom
ln -s /dev/nst0 /dev/tape
...
</screen>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="pathnames-exe"><title>The .exe extension</title>

<para>Win32 executable filenames end with <filename>.exe</filename>
but the <filename>.exe</filename> need not be included in the command,
so that traditional UNIX names can be used.  However, for programs that
end in <filename>.bat</filename> and <filename>.com</filename>, you
cannot omit the extension.  </para>

<para>As a side effect, the <command> ls filename</command> gives
information about <filename>filename.exe</filename> if
<filename>filename.exe</filename> exists and <filename>filename</filename>
does not.  In the same situation the function call
<function>stat("filename",..)</function> gives information about
<filename>filename.exe</filename>.  The two files can be distinguished
by examining their inodes, as demonstrated below.
<screen>
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>ls * </userinput>
a      a.exe     b.exe
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>ls -i a a.exe</userinput>
445885548 a       435996602 a.exe
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>ls -i b b.exe</userinput>
432961010 b       432961010 b.exe
</screen>
If a shell script <filename>myprog</filename> and a program
<filename>myprog.exe</filename> coexist in a directory, the shell
script has precedence and is selected for execution of
<command>myprog</command>.  Note that this was quite the reverse up to
Cygwin 1.5.19.  It has been changed for consistency with the rest of Cygwin.
</para>

<para>The <command>gcc</command> compiler produces an executable named
<filename>filename.exe</filename> when asked to produce
<filename>filename</filename>. This allows many makefiles written
for UNIX systems to work well under Cygwin.</para>

</sect2>

<sect2 id="pathnames-proc"><title>The /proc filesystem</title> 
<para>
Cygwin, like Linux and other similar operating systems, supports the
<filename>/proc</filename> virtual filesystem. The files in this
directory are representations of various aspects of your system,
for example the command <userinput>cat /proc/cpuinfo</userinput> 
displays information such as what model and speed processor you have.
</para>
<para>
One unique aspect of the Cygwin <filename>/proc</filename> filesystem
is <filename>/proc/registry</filename>, see next section.
</para>
<para>
The Cygwin <filename>/proc</filename> is not as complete as the
one in Linux, but it provides significant capabilities. The
<systemitem>procps</systemitem> package contains several utilities
that use it.
</para>
  <refentry id="proc">
    <!-- based on Linux manpages project proc(5)
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    (c) Copyright 2002&bsol;-2008,2017 Michael Kerrisk &lt;mtk.manpages@gmail.com&gt;
    (c) Copyright 1994, 1995 by Daniel Quinlan (quinlan@yggdrasil.com) -->

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    %%%LICENSE_END -->

    <refentryinfo>
      <date>2020-11-24</date>
      <author>Cygwin Project</author>
    </refentryinfo>
    <refmeta>
      <refentrytitle>proc</refentrytitle>
      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
      <refmiscinfo class='date'>2020-11-24</refmiscinfo>
      <refmiscinfo class='source'>Cygwin</refmiscinfo>
      <refmiscinfo class='manual'>Cygwin User's Manual</refmiscinfo>
    </refmeta>

    <refnamediv>
      <refname>proc</refname>
      <refpurpose>process and system information pseudo-filesystem</refpurpose>
    </refnamediv>

    <refsect1 id='proc-desc'>
      <title>Description</title>
      <para>The <filename>proc</filename> filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem
	which provides an interface to Cygwin data structures.
	It is commonly mounted at <filename>/proc</filename>.
	Typically, it is mounted automatically by the system.
      </para>

      <refsect2 id='proc-overview'>
	<title>Overview</title>
	<para>Underneath <filename>/proc</filename>, there are the following
	  general groups of files and subdirectories:
	</para>

	<variablelist remap='TP'>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis></filename> subdirectories</term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>Each one of these subdirectories contains files and
		subdirectories exposing information about the process with the
		corresponding process id.
	      </para>

	      <para>The <filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis></filename> subdirectories are
		visible when iterating through <filename>/proc</filename> with
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>readdir</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>
		(and thus are visible when one uses
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>
		to view the contents of <filename>/proc</filename>).
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/self</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>When a process accesses this magic symbolic link, it resolves
		to the process's own <filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis></filename> directory.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[a-z]*</emphasis></filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>Various other files and subdirectories under
		<filename>/proc</filename> expose system-wide information.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>

	<para>All of the above are described in more detail below.
	</para>

      </refsect2>

      <refsect2 id='proc-files-and-directories'>
	<title>Files and directories</title>
	  <para>
	    The following list provides details of many of the files
	    and directories under the <filename>/proc</filename> hierarchy.
	  </para>

	<variablelist remap='TP'>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis></filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        There is a numerical subdirectory for each running
	        process; the subdirectory is named by the process id.
		Each <filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis></filename> subdirectory
		contains the pseudo-files and directories described below.
	      </para>

	      <para>The files inside each <filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis></filename>
	        directory are normally owned by the effective user and
	        effective group id of the process.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/cmdline</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>This read-only file holds the complete command line for the
	        process, unless the process is a zombie.
	        In the latter case, there is nothing in this file: that is, a
	        read on this file will return 0 characters.
	        The command-line arguments appear in this file as a set of
	        strings followed by null bytes (&apos;&bsol;0&apos;).
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/ctty</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This read-only file holds the name of the console or control
	        terminal device for the process, unless the process is detached
	        from any terminal.
	        In the latter case, there is only a newline in this file.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/cwd</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This is a symbolic link to the current working directory of the
	        process.
	        To find out the current working directory of process 20, for
	        instance, you can do this:

		<screen>
		  <prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>cd /proc/20/cwd; /bin/pwd</userinput>
		</screen>
	      </para>

	      <para>Note that the <emphasis remap='I'>pwd</emphasis> command
	        is often a shell built-in, and might not work properly. In
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>,
		you may use <userinput>pwd&nbsp;-P</userinput>.
	      </para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/environ</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This read-only file contains the current environment that may
	        have been changed by the currently executing program.
	        The entries are separated by null bytes (&apos;&bsol;0&apos;),
	        and there may be a null byte at the end.
		Thus, to print out the environment of process 1, you would do:

		<screen>
		  <prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>cat -A /proc/1/environ</userinput>
		</screen>
	      </para>

	      <para>If, after an
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>execve</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>,
		the process modifies its environment (e.g., by calling
		functions such as
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>putenv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>
		or modifying the
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>environ</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>
		variable directly), this file will reflect those changes.
		That may not be the case on other systems such as Linux.
	      </para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/exe</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This file is a symbolic link containing the actual pathname of
	        the executed command.
	        This symbolic link can be dereferenced normally; attempting to
	        open it will open the executable.
	        You can even type <filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/exe</filename>
	        to run another copy of the same executable that is being run by
	        process <emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>.
		<filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/exe</filename> is a pointer to
		the binary which was executed, and appears as a symbolic link.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/exename</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This read-only file contains the actual pathname of the executed
	        command.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/fd/</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
              <para>
                This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each
                file which the process has open, named by its file
                descriptor, and which is a symbolic link to the actual
                file.
                Thus, 0 is standard input, 1 standard output, 2 standard
                error, and so on.
              </para>

	      <para>
		For file descriptors for pipes and sockets, the entries will
		be symbolic links whose content is the file type with the
		inode. A
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>readlink</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>
		call on this file returns a string in the format:
		<literal>type:<emphasis remap='I'>[inode]</emphasis></literal>
	      </para>

	      <para>For example, <literal>socket:[2248868]</literal>
		will be a socket and its inode is 2248868.
	      </para>

	      <para>
	        Programs that take a filename as a command-line argument, but
	        don't take input from standard input if no argument is supplied,
	        and programs that write to a file named as a command-line
	        argument, but don't send their output to standard output if no
	        argument is supplied, can nevertheless be made to use standard
		input or standard output by using
		<filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/fd</filename> files as command-line
		arguments.
		For example, assuming that <option>-i</option> is the flag
		designating an input file and <option>-o</option> is the flag
		designating an output file:

		<screen>
		  <prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>foobar -i /proc/self/fd/0 -o /proc/self/fd/1 ...</userinput>
		</screen>

		and you have a working filter.
	      </para>

	      <para><filename>/proc/self/fd/N</filename> is approximately
		the same as <filename>/dev/fd/N</filename> in some Unix
		and Unix-like systems.
		Most Linux <command>makedev</command> scripts symbolically
		link <filename>/dev/fd</filename> to
		<filename>/proc/self/fd</filename>, in fact.
	      </para>

	      <para>Most systems provide symbolic links
	        <filename>/dev/stdin</filename>,
		<filename>/dev/stdout</filename>, and
		<filename>/dev/stderr</filename>, which respectively link
		to the files <literal>0</literal>, <literal>1</literal>,
		and <literal>2</literal> in <filename>/proc/self/fd</filename>.
		Thus the example command above could be written as:

		<screen>
		  <prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>foobar -i /dev/stdin -o /dev/stdout ...</userinput>
		</screen>
	      </para>

	      <para>
	        Note that for file descriptors referring to inodes (pipes and
	        sockets, see above), those inodes still have permission bits and
	        ownership information distinct from those of the
		<filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/fd</filename> entry, and that the
		owner may differ from the user and group ids of the process.
	        An unprivileged process may lack permissions to open them, as in
	        this example:

		<screen>
		  <prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>echo test | sudo -u nobody cat</userinput>
		  <computeroutput>test</computeroutput>
		  <prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>echo test | sudo -u nobody cat /proc/self/fd/0</userinput>
		  <computeroutput>cat: /proc/self/fd/0: Permission denied</computeroutput>
		</screen>
	      </para>

	      <para>
	        File descriptor 0 refers to the pipe created by the shell and
		owned by that shell's user, which is not
		<literal>nobody</literal>, so <command>cat</command>
		does not have permission to create a new file descriptor to
		read from that inode, even though it can still read from its
		existing file descriptor 0.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/gid</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This read-only file contains the primary group id for the
	        process.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/maps</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        A file containing the currently mapped memory regions and their
	        access permissions. See
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>mmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>
		for some further information about memory mappings.
	      </para>

	      <para>The format of the file is:

<screen>
<emphasis remap='I'>address          perms offset   dev       inode               pathname</emphasis>
<computeroutput>
00010000-00020000 rw-s 00000000 0000:0000 0                   [win heap 1 default shared]
...
00080000-00082000 rw-p 00000000 0000:0000 0                   [win heap 0 default grow]
00082000-0009A000 ===p 00002000 0000:0000 0                   [win heap 0 default grow]
000A0000-000A1000 rw-p 00000000 0000:0000 0                   [win heap 2 grow]
000A1000-000BA000 ===p 00001000 0000:0000 0                   [win heap 2 grow]
000C0000-000D9000 rw-p 00000000 0000:0000 0                   [win heap 0 default grow]
000D9000-001C0000 ===p 00019000 0000:0000 0                   [win heap 0 default grow]
00200000-00377000 ===p 00000000 0000:0000 0
00377000-00378000 rw-p 00177000 0000:0000 0                   [peb]
00378000-0037A000 rw-p 00178000 0000:0000 0                   [teb (tid 8844)]
...
00400000-005F9000 ===p 00000000 0000:0000 0                   [stack (tid 8884)]
005F9000-005FC000 rw-g 001F9000 0000:0000 0                   [stack (tid 8884)]
005FC000-00600000 rw-p 001FC000 0000:0000 0                   [stack (tid 8884)]
00600000-006C7000 r--s 00000000 EE45:4341 281474976741117     /proc/cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/locale.nls
...
100400000-100401000 r--p 00000000 EE45:4341 281474978095037   /usr/bin/sh.exe
100401000-100413000 r-xp 00001000 EE45:4341 281474978095037   /usr/bin/sh.exe
100413000-100414000 rw-p 00013000 EE45:4341 281474978095037   /usr/bin/sh.exe
...
180010000-180020000 rw-s 00000000 0000:0000 0                 [procinfo]
180020000-180029000 rw-s 00000000 0000:0000 0                 [cygwin-user-shared]
180030000-18003C000 rw-s 00000000 0000:0000 0                 [cygwin-shared]
180040000-180041000 r--p 00000000 EE45:4341 2251799814294868   /usr/bin/cygwin1.dll
180041000-18022D000 r-xp 00001000 EE45:4341 2251799814294868   /usr/bin/cygwin1.dll
18022D000-180231000 rwxp 001ED000 EE45:4341 2251799814294868   /usr/bin/cygwin1.dll
180231000-18026A000 rw-p 001F1000 EE45:4341 2251799814294868   /usr/bin/cygwin1.dll
...
800000000-800090000 rw-p 00000000 0000:0000 0                 [heap]
800090000-820000000 ===p 00090000 0000:0000 0                 [heap]
7FF4FDEB0000-7FF4FDEB5000 r--s 00000000 0000:0000 0
7FF4FDEB5000-7FF4FDFB0000 ===s 00005000 0000:0000 0
7FF4FDFB0000-7FF5FDFD0000 ===p 00000000 0000:0000 0
...
7FFBEEAC0000-7FFBEEAC1000 r--p 00000000 EE45:4341 844424934724994   /proc/cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/kernel32.dll
7FFBEEAC1000-7FFBEEB36000 r-xp 00001000 EE45:4341 844424934724994   /proc/cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/kernel32.dll
7FFBEEB36000-7FFBEEB68000 r--p 00076000 EE45:4341 844424934724994   /proc/cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/kernel32.dll
7FFBEEB68000-7FFBEEB6A000 rw-p 000A8000 EE45:4341 844424934724994   /proc/cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/kernel32.dll
7FFBEEB6A000-7FFBEEB72000 r--p 000AA000 EE45:4341 844424934724994   /proc/cygdrive/c/Windows/System32/kernel32.dll
...
</computeroutput>
</screen>
	      </para>

	      <para>The <literal>address</literal> field is the address
		space in the process that the mapping occupies.
		The <literal>perms</literal> field is a set of permissions:

		<variablelist termlength="4">
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>r</term><listitem><para>read</para></listitem>

		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>w</term><listitem><para>write</para></listitem>

		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>x</term><listitem><para>execute</para></listitem>

		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>===</term><listitem><para>reserved</para></listitem>

		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>s</term><listitem><para>shared</para></listitem>

		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>g</term><listitem><para>guard</para></listitem>

		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>p</term><listitem><para>private</para></listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		</variablelist>
	      </para>

	      <para>The <literal>offset</literal> field is the offset
		into the file/whatever;
		<literal>dev</literal> is the device (major:minor);
		<literal>inode</literal> is the inode on that device.
		0 indicates that no inode is associated with the memory
		region, as would be the case with BSS (uninitialized data).
	      </para>

	      <para>The <literal>pathname</literal> field will usually
		be the file that is backing the mapping.
	      </para>

	      <para>There are additional helpful pseudo-paths:
		<variablelist remap='TP'>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>[<literal>cygwin-shared</literal>]</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>Global shared Cygwin process information.</para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>[<literal>cygwin-user-shared</literal>]</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>Global shared Cygwin user information.</para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>[<literal>peb</literal>]</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>Windows Process Environment Block.</para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>[<literal>procinfo</literal>]</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>Cygwin process information.</para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>[<literal>shared-user-data</literal>]</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>Shared user information.</para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>[<literal>heap</literal>]</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>The process's heap.</para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>[<literal>stack</literal>]</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>
			The initial process's (also known as the main
			thread's) stack.
		      </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>[<literal>stack</literal>
		      (tid <literal>&lt;tid&gt;</literal>)]
		    </term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>
			A thread's stack (where the
			<literal>&lt;tid&gt;</literal> is a thread id).
		      </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>[<literal>teb</literal>
		      (tid <literal>&lt;tid&gt;</literal>)]
		    </term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>
			Windows Thread Environment Block (where
			<literal>&lt;tid&gt;</literal> is a thread id).
		      </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>[<literal>win heap &lt;n&gt;
		      default shared exec grow noserial debug</literal>]
		    </term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>
			Windows extended heap (where
			<literal>&lt;n&gt;</literal> is a heap id)
			and the rest of the words are heap flags:

			<variablelist termlength="8" remap='TP'>
			  <varlistentry>
			    <term><literal>default</literal></term>
			    <listitem>
			      <para>default heap flags</para>

			    </listitem>
			  </varlistentry>
			  <varlistentry>
			    <term><literal>shared</literal></term>
			    <listitem>
			      <para>shareable and mapped heap flags</para>

			    </listitem>
			  </varlistentry>
			  <varlistentry>
			    <term><literal>exec</literal></term>
			    <listitem>
			      <para>executable heap flag</para>

			    </listitem>
			  </varlistentry>
			  <varlistentry>
			    <term><literal>grow</literal></term>
			    <listitem>
			      <para>growable heap flag</para>

			    </listitem>
			  </varlistentry>
			  <varlistentry>
			    <term><literal>noserial</literal></term>
			    <listitem>
			      <para>do not serialize heap flag</para>

			    </listitem>
			  </varlistentry>
			  <varlistentry>
			    <term><literal>debug</literal></term>
			    <listitem>
			      <para>debugged heap flag</para>

			    </listitem>
			  </varlistentry>
			</variablelist>
		      </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		</variablelist>
	      </para>

	      <para>If the <filename>pathname</filename> field is blank,
	        this is an anonymous mapping as obtained via
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>mmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>.
		There is no easy way to coordinate this back to a process's
		source, short of running it through
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>,
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>strace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>,
		or similar.
	      </para>

	      <para>
		<filename>pathname</filename> is shown unescaped except
		for newline characters, which are replaced with an
		octal escape sequence.
		As a result, it is not possible to determine whether the
		original <filename>pathname</filename> contained a newline
		character or the literal <literal>&bsol;e012</literal>
		character sequence.
	      </para>

	      <para>
		If the mapping is file-backed and the file has been deleted,
		the string "<literal> (deleted)</literal>"
		is appended to the <filename>pathname</filename>.
	        Note that this is ambiguous too.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/mountinfo</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This file contains information about mount points in the
	        process's mount namespace (see
	        <citerefentry>
	          <refentrytitle>mount_namespaces</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
	        </citerefentry>).
		It supplies various information (e.g., propagation state, root
		of mount for bind mounts, identifier for each mount and its
		parent) that is missing from the (older)
		<filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/mounts</filename>
	        file, and fixes various other problems with that file (e.g.,
	        nonextensibility, failure to distinguish per-mount versus
	        per-superblock options).
	      </para>

	      <para>The file contains lines of the form:</para>

<screen>
<computeroutput>
36 35 98:0 /mnt1 /mnt2 rw,noatime master:1 - ext3 /dev/root rw,errors=continue
(1)(2)(3)   (4)   (5)      (6)      (?)   (7) (8)   (9)         (10)
</computeroutput>
</screen>

              <para>
                The numbers in parentheses are labels for the descriptions below:

		<variablelist termlength="4" remap='TP'>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(1)</term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>mount id: a unique id for the mount (may be reused after
	                <citerefentry>
	                  <refentrytitle>umount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
	                </citerefentry>).
		      </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(2)</term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>parent id: the id of the parent mount (or of self for
	                the root of this mount namespace's mount tree).
	              </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(3)</term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para><emphasis remap="B">major</emphasis><literal>:</literal><emphasis remap="B">minor</emphasis>:
			the value of <literal>st_dev</literal>
			for files on this filesystem (see
			<citerefentry>
			  <refentrytitle>stat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
			</citerefentry>).
	              </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(4)</term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>root: the pathname of the directory in the filesystem
	                which forms the root of this mount.
	              </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(5)</term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>mount point: the pathname of the mount point relative to
	                the process's root directory.
	              </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(6)</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>mount options: per-mount options (see
	                <citerefentry>
	                  <refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
	                </citerefentry>).
		      </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(?)</term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>optional fields: zero or more fields of the form
			"<emphasis>tag</emphasis><literal>[:</literal><emphasis>value</emphasis><literal>]</literal>";
			see below.
	              </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(7)</term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>separator: the end of the optional fields is marked by a
	                single hyphen.
	              </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(8)</term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>filesystem type: the filesystem type in the form
			"<emphasis>type</emphasis><literal>[.</literal><emphasis>subtype</emphasis><literal>]</literal>".
	              </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(9)</term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>mount source: filesystem-specific information or
			"<literal>none</literal>".
	              </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(10)</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>super options: per-superblock options (see
	                <citerefentry>
	                  <refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
	                </citerefentry>).
		      </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		</variablelist>
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/mounts</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This file lists all the filesystems currently mounted in the
	        process's mount namespace (see
	        <citerefentry>
	          <refentrytitle>mount_namespaces</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
	        </citerefentry>).
		The format of this file is documented in
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/pgid</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This read-only file contains the process group id for the
	        process.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/ppid</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This read-only file contains the parent process id for the
	        process.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/root</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        UNIX and Linux support the idea of a per-process root of the
	        filesystem, set by the
	        <citerefentry>
	          <refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
	        </citerefentry> system call.
		This file is a symbolic link that points to the process's root
		directory, and behaves in the same way as
		<filename>exe</filename>, and
		<filename>fd/*</filename>.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/sid</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This read-only file contains the session id for the process.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/stat</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        Status information about the process.
	        This is used by some implementations of
	        <citerefentry>
	          <refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
	        </citerefentry>.
	      </para>

	      <para>
	        The fields, in order, with their proper
	        <citerefentry>
	          <refentrytitle>scanf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
	        </citerefentry> format specifiers, are listed below.
	      </para>

	      <variablelist remap='TP'>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(1) <emphasis remap='I'>pid</emphasis>  %d</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>The process id.</para>

	          </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(2) <emphasis remap='I'>comm</emphasis>  %s</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              The filename of the executable, in parentheses.
	              This is visible whether or not the executable is swapped
	              out.
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(3) <emphasis remap='I'>state</emphasis>  %c</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              One of the following characters, indicating process state:
	            </para>

		    <variablelist termlength="2">
		      <varlistentry>
			<term>R</term>
			<listitem>
	                  <para>Runnable</para>

			</listitem>
		      </varlistentry>
		      <varlistentry>
			<term>O</term>
			<listitem>
	                  <para>Running</para>

			</listitem>
		      </varlistentry>
		      <varlistentry>
			<term>S</term>
			<listitem>
	                  <para>Sleeping in an interruptible wait</para>

			</listitem>
		      </varlistentry>
		      <varlistentry>
			<term>D</term>
			<listitem>
	                  <para>Waiting in uninterruptible disk sleep</para>

			</listitem>
		      </varlistentry>
		      <varlistentry>
			<term>Z</term>
			<listitem>
	                  <para>Zombie</para>

			</listitem>
		      </varlistentry>
		      <varlistentry>
			<term>T</term>
			<listitem>
			  <para>Stopped (on a signal) or trace stopped</para>

			</listitem>
		      </varlistentry>
		    </variablelist>
		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(4) <emphasis remap='I'>ppid</emphasis>  %d</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>The PID of the parent of this process.</para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(5) <emphasis remap='I'>pgrp</emphasis>  %d</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>The process group id of the process.</para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(6) <emphasis remap='I'>session</emphasis>  %d</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>The session id of the process.</para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(7) <emphasis remap='I'>tty_nr</emphasis>  %d</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              The controlling terminal of the process.
	              (The minor device number is contained in the combination
	              of bits 31 to 20 and 7 to 0; the major device number is in
	              bits 15 to 8.)
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(8) <emphasis remap='I'>tpgid</emphasis>  %d</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              The id of the foreground process group of the controlling
	              terminal of the process.
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(9) <emphasis remap='I'>flags</emphasis>  %u</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>The kernel flags word of the process.</para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(10) <emphasis remap='I'>minflt</emphasis>  %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              The number of minor faults the process has made which have
	              not required loading a memory page from disk.
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(11) <emphasis remap='I'>cminflt</emphasis>  %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              The number of minor faults that the process's waited-for
	              children have made.
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(12) <emphasis remap='I'>majflt</emphasis>  %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              The number of major faults the process has made which have
	              required loading a memory page from disk.
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(13) <emphasis remap='I'>cmajflt</emphasis>  %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              The number of major faults that the process's waited-for
	              children have made.
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(14) <emphasis remap='I'>utime</emphasis>  %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              Amount of time that this process has been scheduled in
	              user mode, measured in clock ticks (divide by
	              <literal>sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)</literal>).
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(15) <emphasis remap='I'>stime</emphasis>  %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              Amount of time that this process has been scheduled in
	              kernel mode, measured in clock ticks (divide by
	              <literal>sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)</literal>).
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(16) <emphasis remap='I'>cutime</emphasis>  %ld</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              Amount of time that this process's waited-for children
	              have been scheduled in user mode, measured in clock ticks
	              (divide by <literal>sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)</literal>).
	              (See also
	              <citerefentry>
	                <refentrytitle>times</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
	              </citerefentry>).
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(17) <emphasis remap='I'>cstime</emphasis>  %ld</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              Amount of time that this process's waited-for children
	              have been scheduled in kernel mode, measured in clock
	              ticks (divide by <literal>sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)</literal>).
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(18) <emphasis remap='I'>priority</emphasis>  %ld</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              For processes running a real-time scheduling policy
	              (<emphasis remap='I'>policy</emphasis> below; see
	              <citerefentry>
	                <refentrytitle>sched_setscheduler</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
	              </citerefentry>),
		      this is the negated scheduling priority, minus one; that
		      is, a number in the range -2 to -100, corresponding to
		      real-time priorities 1 to 99. For processes running
		      under a non-real-time scheduling policy, this is the raw
		      nice value
		      (<citerefentry>
			<refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
	              </citerefentry>)
		      as represented in the kernel.
	              The kernel stores nice values as numbers in the range 0
	              (high) to 39 (low), corresponding to the user-visible nice
	              range of -20 to 19.
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(19) <emphasis remap='I'>nice</emphasis>  %ld</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              The nice value (see
	              <citerefentry>
	                <refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
		      </citerefentry>), a value in the range 19 (low priority)
		      to -20 (high priority).
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(20) <emphasis remap='I'>num_threads</emphasis>  %ld</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              Number of threads in this process. Currently shown as 0.
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(21) <emphasis remap='I'>itrealvalue</emphasis>  %ld</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              The time in jiffies before the next
		      <literal>SIGALRM</literal>
	              is sent to the process due to an interval timer.
	              This field is no longer maintained, and is hard coded as 0.
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(22) <emphasis remap='I'>starttime</emphasis>  %llu</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              The time the process started after system boot.
	              The value is expressed in clock ticks (divide by
	              <literal>sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)</literal>).
	          </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(23) <emphasis remap='I'>vsize</emphasis>  %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>Virtual memory size in bytes.</para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(24) <emphasis remap='I'>rss</emphasis>  %ld</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              Resident Set Size: number of pages the process has in real
	              memory.
	              This is just the pages which count toward text, data, or
	              stack space.
	              This does not include pages which have not been
	              demand-loaded in, or which are swapped out.
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term>(25) <emphasis remap='I'>rsslim</emphasis>  %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              Current soft limit in bytes on the rss of the process; see
	              the description of <literal>RLIMIT_RSS</literal> in
	              <citerefentry>
	                <refentrytitle>getrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
	              </citerefentry>.
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
	      </variablelist>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/statm</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        Provides information about memory usage, measured in pages.
	        The columns are:

		<variablelist termlength="12">
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(1) size</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>total program size
		      (same as VmSize in <filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/status</filename>)</para>
		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(2) resident</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>resident set size
		      (same as VmRSS in <filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/status</filename>)</para>
		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(3) shared</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>number of resident shared pages
		      (i.e., backed by a file) (same as RssFile+RssShmem in
		      <filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/status</filename>)</para>
		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(4) text</term>
		    <listitem><para>text (code)</para></listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(5) lib</term>
		    <listitem><para>library</para></listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(6) data</term>
		    <listitem><para>data + stack</para></listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(7) dt</term>
		    <listitem><para>dirty pages (always 0)</para></listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		</variablelist>

	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/status</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
		Provides much of the information in
		<filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/stat</filename> and
		<filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/statm</filename>
		in a format that's easier for humans to parse.
		Here's an example:

		<screen>
		  <prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>cat /proc/$$/status</userinput>
		  <computeroutput>
		  Name:   bash
		  Umask:  0022
		  State:  S (sleeping)
		  Tgid:   17248
		  Pid:    17248
		  PPid:   17200
		  Uid:    1000    1000    1000    1000
		  Gid:    100     100     100     100
		  VmSize:	  131168 kB
		  VmLck:	       0 kB
		  VmRSS:	   13484 kB
		  VmData:	   10332 kB
		  VmStk:	     136 kB
		  VmExe:	     992 kB
		  VmLib:	    2104 kB
		  SigPnd: 0000000000000000
		  SigBlk: 0000000000010000
		  SigIgn: 0000000000384004
		  </computeroutput>
		</screen>

	      </para>

	      <para>The fields are as follows:
		<itemizedlist remap='IP+bullet'>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
		      <emphasis remap='I'>Name</emphasis>:
		      Command run by this process.
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              <emphasis remap='I'>Umask</emphasis>:
	              Process umask, expressed in octal with a leading zero; see
	              <citerefentry>
	                <refentrytitle>umask</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
	              </citerefentry>.
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      <emphasis remap='I'>State</emphasis>:
		      Current state of the process.
		      One of:

		      <variablelist termlength="2" remap='TP'>
			<varlistentry>
			  <term>R</term>
			  <listitem><para>runnable</para></listitem>

			</varlistentry>
			<varlistentry>
			  <term>O</term>
			  <listitem><para>running</para></listitem>

			</varlistentry>
			<varlistentry>
			  <term>S</term>
			  <listitem><para>sleeping</para></listitem>

			</varlistentry>
			<varlistentry>
			  <term>D</term>
			  <listitem><para>disk sleep</para></listitem>

			</varlistentry>
			<varlistentry>
			  <term>T</term>
			  <listitem><para>stopped or tracing stop</para></listitem>

			</varlistentry>
			<varlistentry>
			  <term>Z</term>
			  <listitem><para>zombie</para></listitem>

			</varlistentry>
		      </variablelist>
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      <emphasis remap='I'>Tgid</emphasis>:
		      Thread group id (i.e., Process id).
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      <emphasis remap='I'>Pid</emphasis>:
		      Thread id (see
		      <citerefentry>
			<refentrytitle>gettid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
		      </citerefentry>).
		  </para>

		  </listitem>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              <emphasis remap='I'>PPid</emphasis>:
	              PID of parent process.
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      <emphasis remap='I'>Uid</emphasis>,
		      <emphasis remap='I'>Gid</emphasis>:
		      Real, effective, saved set, and filesystem UIDs (GIDs).
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      <emphasis remap='I'>VmSize</emphasis>:
		      Virtual memory size.
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      <emphasis remap='I'>VmLck</emphasis>:
		      Locked memory size (see
		      <citerefentry>
			<refentrytitle>mlock</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
		      </citerefentry>).
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      <emphasis remap='I'>VmRSS</emphasis>:
		      Resident set size.
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      <emphasis remap='I'>VmData</emphasis>,
		      <emphasis remap='I'>VmStk</emphasis>,
		      <emphasis remap='I'>VmExe</emphasis>:
		      Size of data, stack, and text segments.
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      <emphasis remap='I'>VmLib</emphasis>:
		      Shared library code size.
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      <emphasis remap='I'>SigPnd</emphasis>:
		      Number of signals pending for process as a whole (see
		      <citerefentry>
			<refentrytitle>pthreads</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
		      </citerefentry> and
		      <citerefentry>
			<refentrytitle>signal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
		      </para>

		  </listitem>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      <emphasis remap='I'>SigBlk</emphasis>,
		      <emphasis remap='I'>SigIgn</emphasis>:
		      Masks indicating signals being blocked and ignored (see
		      <citerefentry>
			<refentrytitle>signal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
		      </citerefentry>).
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		</itemizedlist>
	      </para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/uid</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This read-only file contains the user id for the process.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/winexename</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This read-only file contains the Windows pathname of the
	        executed command.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/<emphasis remap='I'>[pid]</emphasis>/winpid</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This read-only file contains the Windows process id for the
	        process.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/cpuinfo</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This is a collection of CPU and system architecture dependent
	        items, for each supported architecture a different list.
		Two common entries are <emphasis remap='I'>processor</emphasis>
		which gives CPU number and
		<emphasis remap='I'>bogomips</emphasis>, a system constant
		that is calculated during kernel initialization.
		SMP machines have information for each CPU.
		The
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>lscpu</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>
		command gathers its information from this file.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/cygdrive</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
		This file is a symbolic link that points to the user's
		Windows mapped drive mount point, similar to
		<emphasis remap='I'>root</emphasis>.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/devices</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
		Text listing of major numbers and device groups.
	        This can be used by <command>makedev</command>
		scripts for consistency with the system.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/filesystems</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
		A text listing of the filesystems which are supported by Cygwin.
		(See also
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>filesystems</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>.)
		If a filesystem is marked with "nodev", this means that it
		does not require a block device to be mounted (e.g., virtual
		filesystem, network filesystem).
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/loadavg</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        The first three fields in this file are load average figures
	        giving the number of jobs in the run queue (state R)
	        averaged over 1, 5, and 15 minutes.
		They are the same as the load average numbers given by
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>uptime</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry> and other programs.
		The fourth field consists of two numbers separated by a slash (/).
	        The first of these is the number of currently runnable
	        scheduling entities (processes, threads).
	        The value after the slash is the number of scheduling entities
	        that currently exist on the system.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/meminfo</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This file reports statistics about memory usage on the system.
		It is used by
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>free</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>
		to report the amount of free and used memory (both physical
		and swap) on the system as well as the shared memory and
		buffers used by the system.
	        Each line of the file consists of a parameter name, followed by
	        a colon, the value of the parameter, and an option unit of
	        measurement (e.g., "kB").
		The list below describes the parameter names and the format
		specifier required to read the field value.
		Some fields are displayed only if the system was configured
		with various options; those dependencies are noted in the
		list.
	      </para>

	      <variablelist remap='TP'>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term><emphasis remap='I'>MemTotal</emphasis> %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>
	              Total usable RAM (i.e., physical RAM minus a few reserved
	              bits and the system binary code).
	            </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term><emphasis remap='I'>MemFree</emphasis> %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      The sum of <emphasis remap='I'>LowFree</emphasis> +
		      <emphasis remap='I'>HighFree</emphasis>.
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term><emphasis remap='I'>HighTotal</emphasis> %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>Total amount of highmem.</para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term><emphasis remap='I'>HighFree</emphasis> %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>Amount of free highmem.</para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term><emphasis remap='I'>LowTotal</emphasis> %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>
		      Total amount of lowmem.
		      Lowmem is memory which can be used for everything that
		      highmem can be used for, but it is also available for the
		      system's use for its own data structures.
		      Bad things happen when you're out of lowmem.
		    </para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term><emphasis remap='I'>LowFree</emphasis> %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>Amount of free lowmem.</para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term><emphasis remap='I'>SwapTotal</emphasis> %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
		    <para>Total amount of swap space available.</para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
		<varlistentry>
		  <term><emphasis remap='I'>SwapFree</emphasis> %lu</term>
		  <listitem>
	            <para>Amount of swap space that is currently unused.</para>

		  </listitem>
		</varlistentry>
	      </variablelist>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/misc</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        Text listing of minor device numbers and names of devices with
	        major device number of the <literal>misc</literal> device group.
		This can be used by <command>makedev</command> scripts
		for consistency with the system.
	      </para>

	  </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/mounts</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        With the introduction of per-process mount namespaces, this file
	        became a link to
		<filename>/proc/self/mounts</filename>,
		which lists the mount points of the process's own mount
		namespace.
		The format of this file is documented in
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>.
	      </para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/net</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This directory contains various files and subdirectories
	        containing information about the networking layer.
	        The files contain ASCII structures and are, therefore, readable
	        with
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>cat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>.
		However, the standard
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>netstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>
		suite provides much cleaner access to these files.
	      </para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/net/if_inet6</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This file contains information about IP V6 interface adapters,
	        if used.
	        Each line represents an IP V6 interface adapter.
	      </para>

<screen>
<computeroutput>
fe800000000000002c393d3da6108636 12 40 20 80 {C6B5FBE5-A3AC-4DB0-A308-8EE94E1406A4}
fe8000000000000039da016f76bd92bc 13 40 20 20 {E06B8972-0918-41FC-851B-090C446C7D1C}
fe8000000000000050ba9cedf1fe1628 0b 40 20 20 {680ED6FD-DFAC-4398-AA85-FB33E17E38EA}
fe8000000000000030c5c6a0b30f109d 11 40 20 20 {B9E39F53-1659-4065-BDA5-F41162250E03}
20021840ac2c12343427e3b9ec6fa585 08 40 00 80 {4083A7F8-99CF-4220-8715-6FDF268B002F}
20021840ac2c12342403e3b2c7a5a32f 08 80 00 20 {4083A7F8-99CF-4220-8715-6FDF268B002F}
20021840ac2c1234284e8d0ecb4160cb 08 80 00 20 {4083A7F8-99CF-4220-8715-6FDF268B002F}
20021840ac2c123468cb06ea72f1d678 08 80 00 80 {4083A7F8-99CF-4220-8715-6FDF268B002F}
20021840ac2c12346cb59aca97c36e3b 08 80 00 20 {4083A7F8-99CF-4220-8715-6FDF268B002F}
20021840ac2c123498af9881de1fb828 08 80 00 20 {4083A7F8-99CF-4220-8715-6FDF268B002F}
20021840ac2c1234cd62a3d73a498611 08 80 00 20 {4083A7F8-99CF-4220-8715-6FDF268B002F}
20021840ac2c1234e410c873be09df93 08 80 00 20 {4083A7F8-99CF-4220-8715-6FDF268B002F}
fe800000000000003427e3b9ec6fa585 08 40 20 80 {4083A7F8-99CF-4220-8715-6FDF268B002F}
00000000000000000000000000000001 01 80 10 80 {2B5345AC-7502-11EA-AC73-806E6F6E6963}
			   (1)  (2)(3)(4)(5)  (6)
</computeroutput>
</screen>

	      <para>The fields in each line are:

		<variablelist termlength="4" remap='TP'>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(1)</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>The IP V6 address of the interface adapter.</para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(2)</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>The IP V6 interface adapter index.</para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(3)</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>
			The prefix length of the IP V6 interface address.
		      </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(4)</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>The scope of the IP V6 interface address.</para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(5)</term>
		    <listitem>
		      <para>The state of the IP V6 interface address.</para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term>(6)</term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>
	                The DUID/GUID/UUID of the IP V6 interface adapter.
	              </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		</variablelist>
		<para>
		  The last number exists only for compatibility reasons and is
		  always 1.
		</para>

	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/partitions</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        Contains the major and minor numbers of each partition as well
	        as the number of 1024-byte blocks and the partition name.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/registry</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        Under Cygwin, this directory contains subdirectories for
	        registry paths, keys, and subkeys, and files named for registry
	        values which contain registry data, for the current process.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/registry32</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        Under 64 bit Windows, this directory contains subdirectories for
	        registry paths, keys, and subkeys, and files named for registry
	        values which contain registry data, for 32 bit processes.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/registry64</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        Under 64 bit Windows, this directory contains subdirectories for
	        registry paths, keys, and subkeys, and files named for registry
	        values which contain registry data, for 64 bit processes.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	  <term><filename>/proc/self</filename></term>
	  <listitem>
	    <para>
	      This directory refers to the process accessing the
	      <filename>/proc</filename> filesystem, and is identical to the
	      <filename>/proc</filename> directory named by the process id
	      of the same process.
	    </para>

	  </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/stat</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        system statistics.
	        Varies with architecture.
	        Common entries include:
		<variablelist remap='TP'>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term><emphasis remap='I'>cpu 10132153 0 3084719 46828483</emphasis></term>
		    <listitem>
		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term><emphasis remap='I'>cpu0 1393280 0 572056 13343292</emphasis></term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>
	                The amount of time, measured in units of USER_HZ
	                (1/100ths of a second on most architectures, use
			<literal>sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)</literal>
			to obtain the right value), that the system ("cpu"
			line) or the specific CPU
			("cpu <emphasis remap='I'>N</emphasis>" line)
			spent in various states:

			<variablelist termlength="10" remap='TP'>
			  <varlistentry>
			    <term>(1) <emphasis remap='I'>user</emphasis></term>
			    <listitem>
	                      <para>Time spent in user mode.</para>

			    </listitem>
			  </varlistentry>
			  <varlistentry>
			    <term>(2) <emphasis remap='I'>nice</emphasis></term>
			    <listitem>
			      <para>
				Time spent in user mode with low priority
				(nice).
			      </para>

			    </listitem>
			  </varlistentry>
			  <varlistentry>
			    <term>(3) <emphasis remap='I'>system</emphasis></term>
			    <listitem>
			      <para>Time spent in system mode.</para>

			    </listitem>
			  </varlistentry>
			  <varlistentry>
			    <term>(4) <emphasis remap='I'>idle</emphasis></term>
			    <listitem>
			      <para>Time spent in the idle task.</para>

			    </listitem>
			  </varlistentry>
			</variablelist>
		      </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term><emphasis remap='I'>page 5741 1808</emphasis></term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>
	                The number of pages the system paged in and the number
	                that were paged out (from disk).
	              </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term><emphasis remap='I'>swap 1 0</emphasis></term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>
	                The number of swap pages that have been brought in and
	                out.
	              </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term><emphasis remap='I'>intr 1462898</emphasis></term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>The number of interrupts serviced.</para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term><emphasis remap='I'>ctxt 115315</emphasis></term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>
	                The number of context switches that the system
	                underwent.
	              </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		  <varlistentry>
		    <term><emphasis remap='I'>btime 769041601</emphasis></term>
		    <listitem>
	              <para>
			boot time, in seconds since the Epoch,
			1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 (UTC).
	              </para>

		    </listitem>
		  </varlistentry>
		</variablelist>
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/swaps</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        Swap areas in use.
	        See also
	        <citerefentry>
	          <refentrytitle>swapon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
	        </citerefentry>.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/sys</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This directory contains a number of files and subdirectories
	        linking to Windows objects, which can be read using these
	        entries.
	      </para>

	      <para>
	        String values may be terminated by either &apos;&bsol;0&apos;
	        or &apos;&bsol;n&apos;.
	      </para>

	      <para>
	        Integer and long values may be either in decimal or in
	        hexadecimal notation (e.g. 0x3FFF).
	        Multiple integer or long values may be separated by any of the
	        following whitespace characters:
	        &apos;&nbsp;&apos;, &apos;&bsol;t&apos;, or
	        &apos;&bsol;n&apos;.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/sysvipc</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        Subdirectory containing the pseudo-files
		<filename>msg</filename>, <filename>sem</filename>and
		<filename>shm</filename>.
		These files list the System V Interprocess Communication (IPC)
		objects (respectively: message queues, semaphores, and shared
		memory) that currently exist on the system, providing similar
		information to that available via
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>ipcs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>.
		These files are only available if the cygserver Cygwin service
		is running.
	        These files have headers and are formatted (one IPC object per
	        line) for easy understanding.
		<citerefentry>
		  <refentrytitle>svipc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
		</citerefentry>
	        provides further background on the information shown by these
	        files.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/uptime</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This file contains two numbers (values in seconds): the uptime
	        of the system (including time spent in suspend) and the amount
	        of time spent in the idle process.
	      </para>

	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	  <varlistentry>
	    <term><filename>/proc/version</filename></term>
	    <listitem>
	      <para>
	        This string identifies the Cygwin version that is currently
	        running.
	        For example:

<screen>
<computeroutput>
CYGWIN_NT-10.0-18363 version 3.1.7-340.x86_64 (corinna@calimero) (gcc version 9.3.0 20200312 (Fedora Cygwin 9.3.0-1) (GCC) ) 2020-08-22 17:48 UTC
</computeroutput>
</screen>

	      </para>
	    </listitem>
	  </varlistentry>
	</variablelist>
      </refsect2>
    </refsect1>

    <refsect1 id='proc-notes'><title>Notes</title>
      <para>
	Many files contain strings (e.g., the environment and command
	line) that are in the internal format, with subfields terminated
	by null bytes (&apos;&bsol;0&apos;).
	When inspecting such files, you may find that the results are
	more readable if you use a command of the following form to
	display them:

	<screen>
	  <prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>cat -A <emphasis remap='I'>file</emphasis></userinput>
	</screen>
      </para>

      <para>
	This manual page is incomplete, possibly inaccurate, and is the kind
	of thing that needs to be updated very often.
      </para>
    </refsect1>

    <refsect1 id='proc-see_also'><title>See Also</title>
      <para>
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>cat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>free</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>pstree</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>tr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>uptime</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>mmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>readlink</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>syslog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>hier</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>arp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>netstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>,
	<citerefentry>
	  <refentrytitle>route</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
	</citerefentry>.
      </para>
    </refsect1>
  </refentry>
</sect2>

<sect2 id="pathnames-proc-registry"><title>The /proc/registry filesystem</title>
<para>
The <filename>/proc/registry</filename> filesystem provides read-only
access to the Windows registry.  It displays each <literal>KEY</literal>
as a directory and each <literal>VALUE</literal> as a file.  As anytime
you deal with the Windows registry, use caution since changes may result
in an unstable or broken system.  There are additionally subdirectories called
<filename>/proc/registry32</filename> and <filename>/proc/registry64</filename>.
They are identical to <filename>/proc/registry</filename> on 32 bit
host OSes.  On 64 bit host OSes, <filename>/proc/registry32</filename>
opens the 32 bit processes view on the registry, while
<filename>/proc/registry64</filename> opens the 64 bit processes view.
</para>
<para>
Reserved characters ('/', '\', ':', and '%') or reserved names
(<filename>.</filename> and <filename>..</filename>) are converted by
percent-encoding:
<screen>
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>regtool list -v '\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\MountedDevices'</userinput>
...
\DosDevices\C: (REG_BINARY) = cf a8 97 e8 00 08 fe f7
...
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>cd /proc/registry/HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SYSTEM</userinput>
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>ls -l MountedDevices</userinput>
...
-r--r----- 1 Admin SYSTEM  12 Dec 10 11:20 %5CDosDevices%5CC%3A
...
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>od -t x1 MountedDevices/%5CDosDevices%5CC%3A</userinput>
0000000 cf a8 97 e8 00 08 fe f7 01 00 00 00
</screen>
The unnamed (default) value of a key can be accessed using the filename
<filename>@</filename>.
</para>
<para>
If a registry key contains a subkey and a value with the same name
<filename>foo</filename>, Cygwin displays the subkey as
<filename>foo</filename> and the value as <filename>foo%val</filename>.
</para>
</sect2>

<sect2 id="pathnames-at"><title>The @pathnames</title> 
<para>To circumvent the limitations on shell line length in the native
Windows command shells, Cygwin programs, when invoked by non-Cygwin processes, expand their arguments
starting with "@" in a special way.  If a file
<filename>pathname</filename> exists, the argument
<filename>@pathname</filename> expands recursively to the content of
<filename>pathname</filename>. Double quotes can be used inside the
file to delimit strings containing blank space. 
In the following example compare the behaviors
<command>/bin/echo</command> when run from bash and from the Windows command prompt.</para>

<example id="pathnames-at-ex"><title> Using @pathname</title>
<screen>
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>/bin/echo  'This   is   "a     long"  line' > mylist</userinput>
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>/bin/echo @mylist</userinput>
@mylist
<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>cmd</userinput>
<prompt>c:\&gt;</prompt> <userinput>c:\cygwin\bin\echo @mylist</userinput>
This is a     long line
</screen>
</example>
</sect2> 
</sect1>