real_path: remove unsafe API

Returning a shared buffer invites very subtle bugs due to reentrancy or
multi-threading, as demonstrated by the previous patch.

There was an unfinished effort to abolish this [1].

Let's finally rid of `real_path()`, using `strbuf_realpath()` instead.

This patch uses a local `strbuf` for most places where `real_path()` was
previously called.

However, two places return the value of `real_path()` to the caller. For
them, a `static` local `strbuf` was added, effectively pushing the
problem one level higher:
    read_gitfile_gently()
    get_superproject_working_tree()

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/git/1480964316-99305-1-git-send-email-bmwill@google.com/

Signed-off-by: Alexandr Miloslavskiy <alexandr.miloslavskiy@syntevo.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>

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