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<div class="headertitle">
<div class="title">Schema </div> </div>
</div><!--header-->
<div class="contents">
<div class="textblock"><p>（本功能于 v1.1.0 发布）</p>
<p>JSON Schema 是描述 JSON 格式的一个标准草案。一个 schema 本身也是一个 JSON。使用 JSON Schema 去校验 JSON，可以让你的代码安全地访问 DOM，而无须检查类型或键值是否存在等。这也能确保输出的 JSON 是符合指定的 schema。</p>
<p>RapidJSON 实现了一个 <a href="http://json-schema.org/documentation.html">JSON Schema Draft v4</a> 的校验器。若你不熟悉 JSON Schema，可以参考 <a href="http://spacetelescope.github.io/understanding-json-schema/">Understanding JSON Schema</a>。</p>
<h2>基本用法</h2>
<p>首先，你要把 JSON Schema 解析成 <code>Document</code>，再把它编译成一个 <code>SchemaDocument</code>。</p>
<p>然后，利用该 <code>SchemaDocument</code> 创建一个 <code>SchemaValidator</code>。它与 <code>Writer</code> 相似，都是能够处理 SAX 事件的。因此，你可以用 <code>document.Accept(validator)</code> 去校验一个 JSON，然后再获取校验结果。</p>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="preprocessor">#include "rapidjson/schema.h"</span></div>
<div class="line"></div>
<div class="line"><span class="comment">// ...</span></div>
<div class="line"></div>
<div class="line"><a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#ace11b5b575baf1cccd5ba5f8586dcdc8">Document</a> sd;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="keywordflow">if</span> (sd.Parse(schemaJson).HasParseError()) {</div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// 此 schema 不是合法的 JSON</span></div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// ... </span></div>
<div class="line">}</div>
<div class="line"><a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#a52bbb5d64d1319495089e1713a0653cf">SchemaDocument</a> schema(sd); <span class="comment">// 把一个 Document 编译至 SchemaDocument</span></div>
<div class="line"><span class="comment">// 之后不再需要 sd</span></div>
<div class="line"></div>
<div class="line"><a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#ace11b5b575baf1cccd5ba5f8586dcdc8">Document</a> d;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="keywordflow">if</span> (d.Parse(inputJson).HasParseError()) {</div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// 输入不是一个合法的 JSON</span></div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// ... </span></div>
<div class="line">}</div>
<div class="line"></div>
<div class="line">SchemaValidator validator(schema);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="keywordflow">if</span> (!d.Accept(validator)) {</div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// 输入的 JSON 不合乎 schema</span></div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// 打印诊断信息</span></div>
<div class="line"> <a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#ac0765ea91f41539645c4b78689d03f21">StringBuffer</a> sb;</div>
<div class="line"> validator.GetInvalidSchemaPointer().StringifyUriFragment(sb);</div>
<div class="line"> printf(<span class="stringliteral">"Invalid schema: %s\n"</span>, sb.GetString());</div>
<div class="line"> printf(<span class="stringliteral">"Invalid keyword: %s\n"</span>, validator.GetInvalidSchemaKeyword());</div>
<div class="line"> sb.Clear();</div>
<div class="line"> validator.GetInvalidDocumentPointer().StringifyUriFragment(sb);</div>
<div class="line"> printf(<span class="stringliteral">"Invalid document: %s\n"</span>, sb.GetString());</div>
<div class="line">}</div>
</div><!-- fragment --><p>一些注意点：</p>
<ul>
<li>一个 <code>SchemaDocment</code> 能被多个 <code>SchemaValidator</code> 引用。它不会被 <code>SchemaValidator</code> 修改。</li>
<li>可以重复使用一个 <code>SchemaValidator</code> 来校验多个文件。在校验其他文件前，须先调用 <code>validator.Reset()</code>。</li>
</ul>
<h2>在解析／生成时进行校验</h2>
<p>与大部分 JSON Schema 校验器有所不同，RapidJSON 提供了一个基于 SAX 的 schema 校验器实现。因此，你可以在输入流解析 JSON 的同时进行校验。若校验器遇到一个与 schema 不符的值，就会立即终止解析。这设计对于解析大型 JSON 文件时特别有用。</p>
<h3>DOM 解析</h3>
<p>在使用 DOM 进行解析时，<code>Document</code> 除了接收 SAX 事件外，还需做一些准备及结束工作，因此，为了连接 <code>Reader</code>、<code>SchemaValidator</code> 和 <code>Document</code> 要做多一点事情。<code>SchemaValidatingReader</code> 是一个辅助类去做那些工作。</p>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="preprocessor">#include "rapidjson/filereadstream.h"</span></div>
<div class="line"></div>
<div class="line"><span class="comment">// ...</span></div>
<div class="line"><a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#a52bbb5d64d1319495089e1713a0653cf">SchemaDocument</a> schema(sd); <span class="comment">// 把一个 Document 编译至 SchemaDocument</span></div>
<div class="line"></div>
<div class="line"><span class="comment">// 使用 reader 解析 JSON</span></div>
<div class="line">FILE* fp = fopen(<span class="stringliteral">"big.json"</span>, <span class="stringliteral">"r"</span>);</div>
<div class="line">FileReadStream is(fp, buffer, <span class="keyword">sizeof</span>(buffer));</div>
<div class="line"></div>
<div class="line"><span class="comment">// 用 reader 解析 JSON，校验它的 SAX 事件，并存储至 d</span></div>
<div class="line"><a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#ace11b5b575baf1cccd5ba5f8586dcdc8">Document</a> d;</div>
<div class="line">SchemaValidatingReader<kParseDefaultFlags, FileReadStream, UTF8<> > reader(is, schema);</div>
<div class="line">d.Populate(reader);</div>
<div class="line"></div>
<div class="line"><span class="keywordflow">if</span> (!reader.GetParseResult()) {</div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// 不是一个合法的 JSON</span></div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// 当 reader.GetParseResult().Code() == kParseErrorTermination,</span></div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// 它可能是被以下原因中止：</span></div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// (1) 校验器发现 JSON 不合乎 schema；或</span></div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// (2) 输入流有 I/O 错误。</span></div>
<div class="line"></div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// 检查校验结果</span></div>
<div class="line"> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (!reader.IsValid()) {</div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// 输入的 JSON 不合乎 schema</span></div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// 打印诊断信息</span></div>
<div class="line"> <a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#ac0765ea91f41539645c4b78689d03f21">StringBuffer</a> sb;</div>
<div class="line"> reader.GetInvalidSchemaPointer().StringifyUriFragment(sb);</div>
<div class="line"> printf(<span class="stringliteral">"Invalid schema: %s\n"</span>, sb.GetString());</div>
<div class="line"> printf(<span class="stringliteral">"Invalid keyword: %s\n"</span>, reader.GetInvalidSchemaKeyword());</div>
<div class="line"> sb.Clear();</div>
<div class="line"> reader.GetInvalidDocumentPointer().StringifyUriFragment(sb);</div>
<div class="line"> printf(<span class="stringliteral">"Invalid document: %s\n"</span>, sb.GetString());</div>
<div class="line"> }</div>
<div class="line">}</div>
</div><!-- fragment --><h3>SAX 解析</h3>
<p>使用 SAX 解析时，情况就简单得多。若只需要校验 JSON 而无需进一步处理，那么仅需要：</p>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line">SchemaValidator validator(schema);</div>
<div class="line"><a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#ad5310edd1226f5b3ea82dc0d4d3740c6">Reader</a> reader;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="keywordflow">if</span> (!reader.Parse(stream, validator)) {</div>
<div class="line"> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (!validator.IsValid()) {</div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// ... </span></div>
<div class="line"> }</div>
<div class="line">}</div>
</div><!-- fragment --><p>这种方式和 <a href="example/schemavalidator/schemavalidator.cpp">schemavalidator</a> 例子完全相同。这带来的独特优势是，无论 JSON 多巨大，永远维持低内存用量（内存用量只与 Schema 的复杂度相关）。</p>
<p>若你需要进一步处理 SAX 事件，便可使用模板类 <code>GenericSchemaValidator</code> 去设置校验器的输出 <code>Handler</code>：</p>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line">MyHandler handler;</div>
<div class="line">GenericSchemaValidator<SchemaDocument, MyHandler> validator(schema, handler);</div>
<div class="line"><a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#ad5310edd1226f5b3ea82dc0d4d3740c6">Reader</a> reader;</div>
<div class="line"><span class="keywordflow">if</span> (!reader.Parse(ss, validator)) {</div>
<div class="line"> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (!validator.IsValid()) {</div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// ... </span></div>
<div class="line"> }</div>
<div class="line">}</div>
</div><!-- fragment --><h3>生成</h3>
<p>我们也可以在生成（serialization）的时候进行校验。这能确保输出的 JSON 符合一个 JSON Schema。</p>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#ac0765ea91f41539645c4b78689d03f21">StringBuffer</a> sb;</div>
<div class="line">Writer<StringBuffer> writer(sb);</div>
<div class="line">GenericSchemaValidator<SchemaDocument, Writer<StringBuffer> > validator(s, writer);</div>
<div class="line"><span class="keywordflow">if</span> (!d.Accept(validator)) {</div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// Some problem during Accept(), it may be validation or encoding issues.</span></div>
<div class="line"> <span class="keywordflow">if</span> (!validator.IsValid()) {</div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// ...</span></div>
<div class="line"> }</div>
<div class="line">}</div>
</div><!-- fragment --><p>当然，如果你的应用仅需要 SAX 风格的生成，那么只需要把 SAX 事件由原来发送到 <code>Writer</code>，改为发送到 <code>SchemaValidator</code>。</p>
<h2>远程 Schema</h2>
<p>JSON Schema 支持 <a href="http://spacetelescope.github.io/understanding-json-schema/structuring.html">`$ref` 关键字</a>，它是一个 <a class="el" href="md_doc_pointer_8zh-cn.html">JSON pointer</a> 引用至一个本地（local）或远程（remote） schema。本地指针的首字符是 <code>#</code>，而远程指针是一个相对或绝对 URI。例如：</p>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line">{ <span class="stringliteral">"$ref"</span>: <span class="stringliteral">"definitions.json#/address"</span> }</div>
</div><!-- fragment --><p>由于 <code>SchemaDocument</code> 并不知道如何处理那些 URI，它需要使用者提供一个 <code>IRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider</code> 的实例去处理。</p>
<div class="fragment"><div class="line"><span class="keyword">class </span>MyRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider : <span class="keyword">public</span> <a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#af91eb8eea47b79d75b23e29fa9c0abb5">IRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider</a> {</div>
<div class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span>:</div>
<div class="line"> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#a52bbb5d64d1319495089e1713a0653cf">SchemaDocument</a>* GetRemoteDocument(<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keywordtype">char</span>* uri, <a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#a44eb33eaa523e36d466b1ced64b85c84">SizeType</a> length) {</div>
<div class="line"> <span class="comment">// Resolve the uri and returns a pointer to that schema.</span></div>
<div class="line"> }</div>
<div class="line">};</div>
<div class="line"></div>
<div class="line"><span class="comment">// ...</span></div>
<div class="line"></div>
<div class="line">MyRemoteSchemaDocumentProvider provider;</div>
<div class="line"><a class="code" href="namespacerapidjson.html#a52bbb5d64d1319495089e1713a0653cf">SchemaDocument</a> schema(sd, &provider);</div>
</div><!-- fragment --><h2>标准的符合程度</h2>
<p>RapidJSON 通过了 <a href="https://github.com/json-schema/JSON-Schema-Test-Suite">JSON Schema Test Suite</a> (Json Schema draft 4) 中 263 个测试的 262 个。</p>
<p>没通过的测试是 <code>refRemote.json</code> 中的 "change resolution scope" - "changed scope ref invalid"。这是由于未实现 <code>id</code> schema 关键字及 URI 合并功能。</p>
<p>除此以外，关于字符串类型的 <code>format</code> schema 关键字也会被忽略，因为标准中并没需求必须实现。</p>
<h3>正则表达式</h3>
<p><code>pattern</code> 及 <code>patternProperties</code> 这两个 schema 关键字使用了正则表达式去匹配所需的模式。</p>
<p>RapidJSON 实现了一个简单的 NFA 正则表达式引擎，并预设使用。它支持以下语法。</p>
<table class="doxtable">
<tr>
<th>语法</th><th>描述 </th></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ab</code> </td><td>串联 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>a&#124;b</code> </td><td>交替 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>a?</code> </td><td>零或一次 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>a*</code> </td><td>零或多次 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>a+</code> </td><td>一或多次 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>a{3}</code> </td><td>刚好 3 次 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>a{3,}</code> </td><td>至少 3 次 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>a{3,5}</code></td><td>3 至 5 次 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>(ab)</code> </td><td>分组 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>^a</code> </td><td>在开始处 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>a$</code> </td><td>在结束处 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.</code> </td><td>任何字符 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>[abc]</code> </td><td>字符组 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>[a-c]</code> </td><td>字符组范围 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>[a-z0-9_]</code> </td><td>字符组组合 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>[^abc]</code> </td><td>字符组取反 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>[^a-c]</code> </td><td>字符组范围取反 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>[\b]</code> </td><td>退格符 (U+0008) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\&#124;</code>, <code>\\</code>, ... </td><td>转义字符 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\f</code> </td><td>馈页 (U+000C) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\n</code> </td><td>馈行 (U+000A) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\r</code> </td><td>回车 (U+000D) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\t</code> </td><td>制表 (U+0009) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><code>\v</code> </td><td>垂直制表 (U+000B) </td></tr>
</table>
<p>对于使用 C++11 编译器的使用者，也可使用 <code>std::regex</code>，只需定义 <code>RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_INTERNALREGEX=0</code> 及 <code>RAPIDJSON_SCHEMA_USE_STDREGEX=1</code>。若你的 schema 无需使用 <code>pattern</code> 或 <code>patternProperties</code>，可以把两个宏都设为零，以禁用此功能，这样做可节省一些代码体积。</p>
<h2>性能</h2>
<p>大部分 C++ JSON 库都未支持 JSON Schema。因此我们尝试按照 <a href="https://github.com/ebdrup/json-schema-benchmark">json-schema-benchmark</a> 去评估 RapidJSON 的 JSON Schema 校验器。该评测测试了 11 个运行在 node.js 上的 JavaScript 库。</p>
<p>该评测校验 <a href="https://github.com/json-schema/JSON-Schema-Test-Suite">JSON Schema Test Suite</a> 中的测试，当中排除了一些测试套件及个别测试。我们在 <a href="test/perftest/schematest.cpp">`schematest.cpp`</a> 实现了相同的评测。</p>
<p>在 MacBook Pro (2.8 GHz Intel Core i7) 上收集到以下结果。</p>
<table class="doxtable">
<tr>
<th>校验器</th><th align="center">相对速度</th><th align="center">每秒执行的测试数目 </th></tr>
<tr>
<td>RapidJSON</td><td align="center">155%</td><td align="center">30682 </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://github.com/epoberezkin/ajv">`ajv`</a></td><td align="center">100%</td><td align="center">19770 (± 1.31%) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://github.com/mafintosh/is-my-json-valid">`is-my-json-valid`</a></td><td align="center">70%</td><td align="center">13835 (± 2.84%) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://github.com/bugventure/jsen">`jsen`</a></td><td align="center">57.7%</td><td align="center">11411 (± 1.27%) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://github.com/AlexeyGrishin/schemasaurus">`schemasaurus`</a></td><td align="center">26%</td><td align="center">5145 (± 1.62%) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://github.com/playlyfe/themis">`themis`</a></td><td align="center">19.9%</td><td align="center">3935 (± 2.69%) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://github.com/zaggino/z-schema">`z-schema`</a></td><td align="center">7%</td><td align="center">1388 (± 0.84%) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://github.com/pandastrike/jsck#readme">`jsck`</a></td><td align="center">3.1%</td><td align="center">606 (± 2.84%) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://github.com/tdegrunt/jsonschema#readme">`jsonschema`</a></td><td align="center">0.9%</td><td align="center">185 (± 1.01%) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://github.com/Prestaul/skeemas#readme">`skeemas`</a></td><td align="center">0.8%</td><td align="center">154 (± 0.79%) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td>tv4</td><td align="center">0.5%</td><td align="center">93 (± 0.94%) </td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://github.com/natesilva/jayschema">`jayschema`</a></td><td align="center">0.1%</td><td align="center">21 (± 1.14%) </td></tr>
</table>
<p>换言之，RapidJSON 比最快的 JavaScript 库（ajv）快约 1.5x。比最慢的快 1400x。 </p>
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