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<h1 class="bd-title" id="content">Overview</h1>
</div>
<p class="bd-lead">Components and options for laying out your Bootstrap project, including wrapping containers, a powerful grid system, a flexible media object, and responsive utility classes.</p>
<script async src="https://cdn.carbonads.com/carbon.js?serve=CKYIKKJL&placement=getbootstrapcom" id="_carbonads_js"></script>
<h2 id="containers">Containers</h2>
<p>Containers are the most basic layout element in Bootstrap and are <strong>required when using our default grid system</strong>. Containers are used to contain, pad, and (sometimes) center the content within them. While containers <em>can</em> be nested, most layouts do not require a nested container.</p>
<p>Bootstrap comes with three different containers:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>.container</code>, which sets a <code>max-width</code> at each responsive breakpoint</li>
<li><code>.container-fluid</code>, which is <code>width: 100%</code> at all breakpoints</li>
<li><code>.container-{breakpoint}</code>, which is <code>width: 100%</code> until the specified breakpoint</li>
</ul>
<p>The table below illustrates how each container’s <code>max-width</code> compares to the original <code>.container</code> and <code>.container-fluid</code> across each breakpoint.</p>
<p>See them in action and compare them in our <a href="/docs/4.6/examples/grid/#containers">Grid example</a>.</p>
<table class="table">
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>
Extra small<br>
<span class="font-weight-normal"><576px</span>
</th>
<th>
Small<br>
<span class="font-weight-normal">≥576px</span>
</th>
<th>
Medium<br>
<span class="font-weight-normal">≥768px</span>
</th>
<th>
Large<br>
<span class="font-weight-normal">≥992px</span>
</th>
<th>
Extra large<br>
<span class="font-weight-normal">≥1200px</span>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>.container</code></td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td>540px</td>
<td>720px</td>
<td>960px</td>
<td>1140px</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.container-sm</code></td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td>540px</td>
<td>720px</td>
<td>960px</td>
<td>1140px</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.container-md</code></td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td>720px</td>
<td>960px</td>
<td>1140px</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.container-lg</code></td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td>960px</td>
<td>1140px</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.container-xl</code></td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td>1140px</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>.container-fluid</code></td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
<td class="text-muted">100%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="all-in-one">All-in-one</h3>
<p>Our default <code>.container</code> class is a responsive, fixed-width container, meaning its <code>max-width</code> changes at each breakpoint.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-html" data-lang="html"><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"container"</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="c"><!-- Content here --></span>
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="fluid">Fluid</h3>
<p>Use <code>.container-fluid</code> for a full width container, spanning the entire width of the viewport.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-html" data-lang="html"><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"container-fluid"</span><span class="p">></span>
...
<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
</code></pre></div><h3 id="responsive">Responsive</h3>
<p>Responsive containers are new in Bootstrap v4.4. They allow you to specify a class that is 100% wide until the specified breakpoint is reached, after which we apply <code>max-width</code>s for each of the higher breakpoints. For example, <code>.container-sm</code> is 100% wide to start until the <code>sm</code> breakpoint is reached, where it will scale up with <code>md</code>, <code>lg</code>, and <code>xl</code>.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-html" data-lang="html"><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"container-sm"</span><span class="p">></span>100% wide until small breakpoint<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"container-md"</span><span class="p">></span>100% wide until medium breakpoint<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"container-lg"</span><span class="p">></span>100% wide until large breakpoint<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"container-xl"</span><span class="p">></span>100% wide until extra large breakpoint<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
</code></pre></div><h2 id="responsive-breakpoints">Responsive breakpoints</h2>
<p>Since Bootstrap is developed to be mobile first, we use a handful of <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Media_Queries/Using_media_queries">media queries</a> to create sensible breakpoints for our layouts and interfaces. These breakpoints are mostly based on minimum viewport widths and allow us to scale up elements as the viewport changes.</p>
<p>Bootstrap primarily uses the following media query ranges—or breakpoints—in our source Sass files for our layout, grid system, and components.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="c1">// Extra small devices (portrait phones, less than 576px)
</span><span class="c1">// No media query for `xs` since this is the default in Bootstrap
</span><span class="c1"></span>
<span class="c1">// Small devices (landscape phones, 576px and up)
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">576</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Medium devices (tablets, 768px and up)
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">768</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Large devices (desktops, 992px and up)
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">992</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Extra large devices (large desktops, 1200px and up)
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">1200</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Since we write our source CSS in Sass, all our media queries are available via Sass mixins:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="c1">// No media query necessary for xs breakpoint as it's effectively `@media (min-width: 0) { ... }`
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-up</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sm</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-up</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">md</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-up</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lg</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-up</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xl</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Example: Hide starting at `min-width: 0`, and then show at the `sm` breakpoint
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="nc">.custom-class</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="na">display</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="ni">none</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-up</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sm</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nc">.custom-class</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="na">display</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="ni">block</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div><p>We occasionally use media queries that go in the other direction (the given screen size <em>or smaller</em>):</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="c1">// Extra small devices (portrait phones, less than 576px)
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">575</span><span class="mf">.98</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Small devices (landscape phones, less than 768px)
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">767</span><span class="mf">.98</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Medium devices (tablets, less than 992px)
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">991</span><span class="mf">.98</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Large devices (desktops, less than 1200px)
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">1199</span><span class="mf">.98</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Extra large devices (large desktops)
</span><span class="c1">// No media query since the extra-large breakpoint has no upper bound on its width
</span></code></pre></div><div class="bd-callout bd-callout-info">
Note that since browsers do not currently support <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/mediaqueries-4/#range-context">range context queries</a>, we work around the limitations of <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/mediaqueries-4/#mq-min-max"><code>min-</code> and <code>max-</code> prefixes</a> and viewports with fractional widths (which can occur under certain conditions on high-dpi devices, for instance) by using values with higher precision for these comparisons.
</div>
<p>Once again, these media queries are also available via Sass mixins:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-down</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-down</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sm</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-down</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">md</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-down</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lg</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// No media query necessary for xl breakpoint as it has no upper bound on its width
</span><span class="c1"></span>
<span class="c1">// Example: Style from medium breakpoint and down
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-down</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">md</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nc">.custom-class</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="na">display</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="ni">block</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div><p>There are also media queries and mixins for targeting a single segment of screen sizes using the minimum and maximum breakpoint widths.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="c1">// Extra small devices (portrait phones, less than 576px)
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">575</span><span class="mf">.98</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Small devices (landscape phones, 576px and up)
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">576</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">767</span><span class="mf">.98</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Medium devices (tablets, 768px and up)
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">768</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">991</span><span class="mf">.98</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Large devices (desktops, 992px and up)
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">992</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">1199</span><span class="mf">.98</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="c1">// Extra large devices (large desktops, 1200px and up)
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">1200</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div><p>These media queries are also available via Sass mixins:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-only</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-only</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sm</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-only</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">md</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-only</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">lg</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-only</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xl</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div><p>Similarly, media queries may span multiple breakpoint widths:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="c1">// Example
</span><span class="c1">// Apply styles starting from medium devices and up to extra large devices
</span><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">@media</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">min-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">768</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="na">max-width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">1199</span><span class="mf">.98</span><span class="kt">px</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div><p>The Sass mixin for targeting the same screen size range would be:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="k">@include</span><span class="nd"> media-breakpoint-between</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">md</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">xl</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="nc">...</span> <span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div><h2 id="z-index">Z-index</h2>
<p>Several Bootstrap components utilize <code>z-index</code>, the CSS property that helps control layout by providing a third axis to arrange content. We utilize a default z-index scale in Bootstrap that’s been designed to properly layer navigation, tooltips and popovers, modals, and more.</p>
<p>These higher values start at an arbitrary number, high and specific enough to ideally avoid conflicts. We need a standard set of these across our layered components—tooltips, popovers, navbars, dropdowns, modals—so we can be reasonably consistent in the behaviors. There’s no reason we couldn’t have used <code>100</code>+ or <code>500</code>+.</p>
<p>We don’t encourage customization of these individual values; should you change one, you likely need to change them all.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-scss" data-lang="scss"><span class="nv">$zindex-dropdown</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">1000</span> <span class="k">!default</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$zindex-sticky</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">1020</span> <span class="k">!default</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$zindex-fixed</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">1030</span> <span class="k">!default</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$zindex-modal-backdrop</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">1040</span> <span class="k">!default</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$zindex-modal</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">1050</span> <span class="k">!default</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$zindex-popover</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">1060</span> <span class="k">!default</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="nv">$zindex-tooltip</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">1070</span> <span class="k">!default</span><span class="p">;</span>
</code></pre></div><p>To handle overlapping borders within components (e.g., buttons and inputs in input groups), we use low single digit <code>z-index</code> values of <code>1</code>, <code>2</code>, and <code>3</code> for default, hover, and active states. On hover/focus/active, we bring a particular element to the forefront with a higher <code>z-index</code> value to show their border over the sibling elements.</p>
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