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# End-to-end testing Best Practices

This is a tailored extension of the Best Practices [found in the testing guide](../best_practices.md).

## Class and module naming

The QA framework uses [Zeitwerk](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk) for class and module autoloading. The default Zeitwerk [inflector](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk#zeitwerkinflector) simply converts snake_cased file names to PascalCased module or class names. It is advised to stick to this pattern to avoid manual maintenance of inflections.

In case custom inflection logic is needed, custom inflectors are added in the [qa.rb](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/qa/qa.rb) file in the `loader.inflector.inflect` method invocation.

## Link a test to its test case

Every test should have a corresponding test case in the [GitLab project Test Cases](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/quality/test_cases) as well as a results issue in the [Quality Test Cases project](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/quality/testcases/-/issues).
It's recommended that you reuse the issue created to plan the test as the results issue. If a test case or results issue does not already exist you
can create them yourself. Alternatively, you can run the test in a pipeline that has reporting
enabled and the test-case reporter will automatically create a new test case and/or results issue and link the results issue to it's corresponding test case.

Whether you create a new test case or one is created automatically, you will need to manually add
a `testcase` RSpec metadata tag. In most cases, a single test will be associated with a single test case
 ([see below for exceptions](#exceptions)).

For example:

```ruby
RSpec.describe 'Stage' do
  describe 'General description of the feature under test' do
    it 'test name', testcase: 'https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/quality/test_cases/:test_case_id' do
      ...
    end

    it 'another test', testcase: 'https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/quality/test_cases/:another_test_case_id' do
      ...
    end
  end
end
```

### Exceptions

Most tests are defined by a single line of a `spec` file, which is why those tests can be linked to a
single test case via the `testcase` tag.

However, some tests don't have a one-to-one relationship between a line of a `spec` file and a test case.
This is because some tests are defined in a way that means a single line is associated with
multiple tests, including:

- Parallelized tests.
- Templated tests.
- Tests in shared examples that include more than one example.

In those and similar cases we can't assign a single `testcase` tag and so we rely on the test-case
reporter to programmatically determine the correct test case based on the name and description of
the test. In such cases, the test-case reporter will automatically create a test case and/or results issue
the first time the test runs, if none exist already.

In such a case, if you create the test case or results issue yourself or want to reuse an existing issue,
you must use this [end-to-end test issue template](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/quality/testcases/-/blob/master/.gitlab/issue_templates/End-to-end%20Test.md)
to format the issue description. (Note you must copy/paste this for test cases as templates aren't currently available.)

To illustrate, there are two tests in the shared examples in [`qa/specs/features/ee/browser_ui/3_create/repository/restrict_push_protected_branch_spec.rb`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/47b17db82c38ab704a23b5ba5d296ea0c6a732c8/qa/qa/specs/features/ee/browser_ui/3_create/repository/restrict_push_protected_branch_spec.rb):

```ruby
shared_examples 'only user with access pushes and merges' do
  it 'unselected maintainer user fails to push' do
    ...
  end

  it 'selected developer user pushes and merges' do
    ...
  end
end
```

Consider the following test that includes the shared examples:

```ruby
RSpec.describe 'Create' do
  describe 'Restricted protected branch push and merge' do
    context 'when only one user is allowed to merge and push to a protected branch' do
      ...
      it_behaves_like 'only user with access pushes and merges'
    end
  end
end
```

There would be two associated test cases, one for each shared example, with the following content:

[Test 1 Test Case](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/quality/test_cases/347774):

````markdown
```markdown
Title: browser_ui/3_create/repository/restrict_push_protected_branch_spec.rb | Create Restricted
protected branch push and merge when only one user is allowed to merge and push to a protected
branch behaves like only user with access pushes and merges selecte...

Description:
### Full description

Create Restricted protected branch push and merge when only one user is allowed to merge and push
to a protected branch behaves like only user with access pushes and merges selected developer user
pushes and merges

### File path

./qa/specs/features/ee/browser_ui/3_create/repository/restrict_push_protected_branch_spec.rb

### DO NOT EDIT BELOW THIS LINE

Active and historical test results:

https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/quality/testcases/-/issues/2177

```
````

[Test 1 Results Issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/quality/testcases/-/issues/2177):

````markdown
```markdown
Title: browser_ui/3_create/repository/restrict_push_protected_branch_spec.rb | Create Restricted
protected branch push and merge when only one user is allowed to merge and push to a protected
branch behaves like only user with access pushes and merges selecte...

Description:
### Full description

Create Restricted protected branch push and merge when only one user is allowed to merge and push
to a protected branch behaves like only user with access pushes and merges selected developer user
pushes and merges

### File path

./qa/specs/features/ee/browser_ui/3_create/repository/restrict_push_protected_branch_spec.rb

```
````

[Test 2 Test Case](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/quality/test_cases/347775):

````markdown
```markdown
Title: browser_ui/3_create/repository/restrict_push_protected_branch_spec.rb | Create Restricted
protected branch push and merge when only one user is allowed to merge and push to a protected
branch behaves like only user with access pushes and merges unselec...

Description:
### Full description

Create Restricted protected branch push and merge when only one user is allowed to merge and push
to a protected branch behaves like only user with access pushes and merges unselected maintainer
user fails to push

### File path

./qa/specs/features/ee/browser_ui/3_create/repository/restrict_push_protected_branch_spec.rb

### DO NOT EDIT BELOW THIS LINE

Active and historical test results:

https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/quality/testcases/-/issues/2176

```
````

[Test 2 Results Issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/quality/testcases/-/issues/2176):

````markdown
```markdown
Title: browser_ui/3_create/repository/restrict_push_protected_branch_spec.rb | Create Restricted
protected branch push and merge when only one user is allowed to merge and push to a protected
branch behaves like only user with access pushes and merges unselec...

Description:
### Full description

Create Restricted protected branch push and merge when only one user is allowed to merge and push
to a protected branch behaves like only user with access pushes and merges unselected maintainer
user fails to push

### File path

./qa/specs/features/ee/browser_ui/3_create/repository/restrict_push_protected_branch_spec.rb
```
````

## Prefer API over UI

The end-to-end testing framework has the ability to fabricate its resources on a case-by-case basis.
Resources should be fabricated via the API wherever possible.

We can save both time and money by fabricating resources that our test will need via the API.

[Learn more](resources.md) about resources.

## Avoid superfluous expectations

To keep tests lean, it is important that we only test what we need to test.

Ensure that you do not add any `expect()` statements that are unrelated to what needs to be tested.

For example:

```ruby
#=> Good
Flow::Login.sign_in
Page::Main::Menu.perform do |menu|
  expect(menu).to be_signed_in
end

#=> Bad
Flow::Login.sign_in(as: user)
Page::Main::Menu.perform do |menu|
  expect(menu).to be_signed_in
  expect(page).to have_content(user.name) #=>  we already validated being signed in. redundant.
  expect(menu).to have_element(:nav_bar) #=> likely unnecessary. already validated in lower-level. test doesn't call for validating this.
end

#=> Good
issue = Resource::Issue.fabricate_via_api! do |issue|
  issue.name = 'issue-name'
end

Project::Issues::Index.perform do |index|
  expect(index).to have_issue(issue)
end

#=> Bad
issue = Resource::Issue.fabricate_via_api! do |issue|
  issue.name = 'issue-name'
end

Project::Issues::Index.perform do |index|
  expect(index).to have_issue(issue)
  expect(page).to have_content(issue.name) #=> page content check is redundant as the issue was already validated in the line above.
end
```

## Prefer `aggregate_failures` when there are back-to-back expectations

See [Prefer aggregate failures when there are multiple expectations](#prefer-aggregate_failures-when-there-are-multiple-expectations)

## Prefer `aggregate_failures` when there are multiple expectations

In cases where there must be multiple expectations within a test case, it is preferable to use `aggregate_failures`.

This allows you to group a set of expectations and see all the failures altogether, rather than having the test being aborted on the first failure.

For example:

```ruby
#=> Good
Page::Search::Results.perform do |search|
  search.switch_to_code

  aggregate_failures 'testing search results' do
    expect(search).to have_file_in_project(template[:file_name], project.name)
    expect(search).to have_file_with_content(template[:file_name], content[0..33])
  end
end

#=> Bad
Page::Search::Results.perform do |search|
  search.switch_to_code
  expect(search).to have_file_in_project(template[:file_name], project.name)
  expect(search).to have_file_with_content(template[:file_name], content[0..33])
end
```

Attach the `:aggregate_failures` metadata to the example if multiple expectations are separated by statements.

```ruby
#=> Good
it 'searches', :aggregate_failures do
  Page::Search::Results.perform do |search|
    expect(search).to have_file_in_project(template[:file_name], project.name)
    
    search.switch_to_code
    
    expect(search).to have_file_with_content(template[:file_name], content[0..33])
  end
end

#=> Bad
it 'searches' do
  Page::Search::Results.perform do |search|
    expect(search).to have_file_in_project(template[:file_name], project.name)

    search.switch_to_code

    expect(search).to have_file_with_content(template[:file_name], content[0..33])
  end
end
```

## Prefer to split tests across multiple files

Our framework includes a couple of parallelization mechanisms that work by executing spec files in parallel.

However, because tests are parallelized by spec *file* and not by test/example, we can't achieve greater parallelization if a new test is added to an existing file.

Nonetheless, there could be other reasons to add a new test to an existing file.

For example, if tests share state that is expensive to set up it might be more efficient to perform that setup once even if it means the tests that use the setup can't be parallelized.

In summary:

- **Do**: Split tests across separate files, unless the tests share expensive setup.
- **Don't**: Put new tests in an existing file without considering the impact on parallelization.

## `let` variables vs instance variables

By default, follow the [testing best practices](../best_practices.md#subject-and-let-variables) when using `let`
or instance variables. However, in end-to-end tests, set-ups such as creating resources are expensive.
If you use `let` to store a resource, it will be created for each example separately.
If the resource can be shared among multiple examples, use an instance variable in the `before(:all)`
block instead of `let` to save run time.
When the variable cannot be shared by multiple examples, use `let`.

## Limit the use of the UI in `before(:context)` and `after` hooks

Limit the use of `before(:context)` hooks to perform setup tasks with only API calls,
non-UI operations, or basic UI operations such as login.

We use [`capybara-screenshot`](https://github.com/mattheworiordan/capybara-screenshot) library to automatically save a screenshot on
failure.

`capybara-screenshot` [saves the screenshot in the RSpec's `after` hook](https://github.com/mattheworiordan/capybara-screenshot/blob/master/lib/capybara-screenshot/rspec.rb#L97).
[If there is a failure in `before(:context)`, the `after` hook is not called](https://github.com/rspec/rspec-core/pull/2652/files#diff-5e04af96d5156e787f28d519a8c99615R148) and so the screenshot is not saved.

Given this fact, we should limit the use of `before(:context)` to only those operations where a screenshot is not needed.

Similarly, the `after` hook should only be used for non-UI operations. Any UI operations in `after` hook in a test file
would execute before the `after` hook that takes the screenshot. This would result in moving the UI status away from the
point of failure and so the screenshot would not be captured at the right moment.

## Ensure tests do not leave the browser logged in

All tests expect to be able to log in at the start of the test.

For an example see [issue #34736](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/34736).

Ideally, actions performed in an `after(:context)` (or
[`before(:context)`](#limit-the-use-of-the-ui-in-beforecontext-and-after-hooks))
block are performed using the API. If it's necessary to do so with the user
interface (for example, if API functionality doesn't exist), be sure to sign
out at the end of the block.

```ruby
after(:all) do
  login unless Page::Main::Menu.perform(&:signed_in?)

  # Do something while logged in

  Page::Main::Menu.perform(&:sign_out)
end
```

## Tag tests that require administrator access

We don't run tests that require administrator access against our Production environments.

When you add a new test that requires administrator access, apply the RSpec metadata `:requires_admin` so that the test will not be included in the test suites executed against Production and other environments on which we don't want to run those tests.

When running tests locally or configuring a pipeline, the environment variable `QA_CAN_TEST_ADMIN_FEATURES` can be set to `false` to skip tests that have the `:requires_admin` tag.

## Prefer `Commit` resource over `ProjectPush`

In line with [using the API](#prefer-api-over-ui), use a `Commit` resource whenever possible.

`ProjectPush` uses raw shell commands via the Git Command Line Interface (CLI) whereas the `Commit` resource makes an HTTP request.

```ruby
# Using a commit resource
Resource::Repository::Commit.fabricate_via_api! do |commit|
  commit.commit_message = 'Initial commit'
  commit.add_files([
    { file_path: 'README.md', content: 'Hello, GitLab' }
  ])
end

# Using a ProjectPush
Resource::Repository::ProjectPush.fabricate! do |push|
  push.commit_message = 'Initial commit'
  push.file_name = 'README.md'
  push.file_content = 'Hello, GitLab'
end
```

A few exceptions for using a `ProjectPush` would be when your test calls for testing SSH integration or
using the Git CLI.

## Preferred method to blur elements

To blur an element, the preferred method is to click another element that does not alter the test state.
If there's a mask that blocks the page elements, such as may occur with some dropdowns,
use WebDriver's native mouse events to simulate a click event on the coordinates of an element. Use the following method: `click_element_coordinates`.

Avoid clicking the `body` for blurring elements such as inputs and dropdowns because it clicks the center of the viewport.
This action can also unintentionally click other elements, altering the test state and causing it to fail.

```ruby
# Clicking another element to blur an input
def add_issue_to_epic(issue_url)
  find_element(:issue_actions_split_button).find('button', text: 'Add an issue').click
  fill_element(:add_issue_input, issue_url)
  # Clicking the title blurs the input
  click_element(:title)
  click_element(:add_issue_button)
end

# Using native mouse click events in the case of a mask/overlay
click_element_coordinates(:title)
```

## Ensure `expect` statements wait efficiently

In general, we use an `expect` statement to check that something _is_ as we expect it. For example:

```ruby
Page::Project::Pipeline::Show.perform do |pipeline|
  expect(pipeline).to have_job('a_job')
end
```

### Use `eventually_` matchers for expectations that require waiting

When something requires waiting to be matched, use `eventually_` matchers with clear wait duration definition.

`Eventually` matchers use the following naming pattern: `eventually_${rspec_matcher_name}`. They are defined in [eventually_matcher.rb](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/qa/qa/support/matchers/eventually_matcher.rb).

```ruby
expect { async_value }.to eventually_eq(value).within(max_duration: 120, max_attempts: 60, reload_page: page)
```

### Create negatable matchers to speed `expect` checks

However, sometimes we want to check that something is _not_ as we _don't_ want it to be. In other
words, we want to make sure something is absent. For unit tests and feature specs,
we commonly use `not_to`
because RSpec's built-in matchers are negatable, as are Capybara's, which means the following two statements are
equivalent.

```ruby
except(page).not_to have_text('hidden')
except(page).to have_no_text('hidden')
```

Unfortunately, that's not automatically the case for the predicate methods that we add to our
[page objects](page_objects.md). We need to [create our own negatable matchers](https://relishapp.com/rspec/rspec-expectations/v/3-9/docs/custom-matchers/define-a-custom-matcher#matcher-with-separate-logic-for-expect().to-and-expect().not-to).

The initial example uses the `have_job` matcher which is derived from the [`has_job?` predicate
method of the `Page::Project::Pipeline::Show` page object](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/87864b3047c23b4308f59c27a3757045944af447/qa/qa/page/project/pipeline/show.rb#L53).
To create a negatable matcher, we use `has_no_job?` for the negative case:

```ruby
RSpec::Matchers.define :have_job do |job_name|
  match do |page_object|
    page_object.has_job?(job_name)
  end

  match_when_negated do |page_object|
    page_object.has_no_job?(job_name)
  end
end
```

And then the two `expect` statements in the following example are equivalent:

```ruby
Page::Project::Pipeline::Show.perform do |pipeline|
  expect(pipeline).not_to have_job('a_job')
  expect(pipeline).to have_no_job('a_job')
end
```

[See this merge request for a real example of adding a custom matcher](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/merge_requests/46302).

We are creating custom negatable matchers in `qa/spec/support/matchers`.

NOTE:
We need to create custom negatable matchers only for the predicate methods we've added to the test framework, and only if we're using `not_to`. If we use `to have_no_*` a negatable matcher is not necessary but it increases code readability.

### Why we need negatable matchers

Consider the following code, but assume that we _don't_ have a custom negatable matcher for `have_job`.

```ruby
# Bad
Page::Project::Pipeline::Show.perform do |pipeline|
  expect(pipeline).not_to have_job('a_job')
end
```

For this statement to pass, `have_job('a_job')` has to return `false` so that `not_to` can negate it.
The problem is that `have_job('a_job')` waits up to ten seconds for `'a job'` to appear before
returning `false`. Under the expected condition this test will take ten seconds longer than it needs to.

Instead, we could force no wait:

```ruby
# Not as bad but potentially flaky
Page::Project::Pipeline::Show.perform do |pipeline|
  expect(pipeline).not_to have_job('a_job', wait: 0)
end
```

The problem is that if `'a_job'` is present and we're waiting for it to disappear, this statement will fail.

Neither problem is present if we create a custom negatable matcher because the `has_no_job?` predicate method
would be used, which would wait only as long as necessary for the job to disappear.

Lastly, negatable matchers are preferred over using matchers of the form `have_no_*` because it's a common and familiar practice to negate matchers using `not_to`. If we facilitate that practice by adding negatable matchers, we make it easier for subsequent test authors to write efficient tests.