1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
|
---
stage: Verify
group: Runner
info: To determine the technical writer assigned to the Stage/Group associated with this page, see https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/product/ux/technical-writing/#assignments
type: index
---
# Services **(FREE)**
When you configure CI/CD, you specify an image, which is used to create the container
where your jobs run. To specify this image, you use the `image` keyword.
You can specify an additional image by using the `services` keyword. This additional
image is used to create another container, which is available to the first container.
The two containers have access to one another and can communicate when running the job.
The service image can run any application, but the most common use
case is to run a database container, for example:
- [MySQL](mysql.md)
- [PostgreSQL](postgres.md)
- [Redis](redis.md)
- [GitLab](gitlab.md) as an example for a microservice offering a JSON API
It's easier and faster to use an existing image and run it as an additional container
than to install `mysql`, for example, every time the project is built.
You're not limited to only database services. You can add as many
services you need to `.gitlab-ci.yml` or manually modify `config.toml`.
Any image found at [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/) or your private Container Registry can be
used as a service.
Services inherit the same DNS servers, search domains, and additional hosts as
the CI container itself.
## How services are linked to the job
To better understand how container linking works, read
[Linking containers together](https://docs.docker.com/network/links/).
If you add `mysql` as service to your application, the image is
used to create a container that's linked to the job container.
The service container for MySQL is accessible under the hostname `mysql`.
To access your database service, connect to the host named `mysql` instead of a
socket or `localhost`. Read more in [accessing the services](#accessing-the-services).
## How the health check of services works
Services are designed to provide additional features which are **network accessible**.
They may be a database like MySQL, or Redis, and even `docker:stable-dind` which
allows you to use Docker-in-Docker. It can be practically anything that's
required for the CI/CD job to proceed, and is accessed by network.
To make sure this works, the runner:
1. Checks which ports are exposed from the container by default.
1. Starts a special container that waits for these ports to be accessible.
If the second stage of the check fails, it prints the warning: `*** WARNING: Service XYZ probably didn't start properly`.
This issue can occur because:
- There is no opened port in the service.
- The service was not started properly before the timeout, and the port is not
responding.
In most cases it affects the job, but there may be situations when the job
still succeeds even if that warning was printed. For example:
- The service was started shortly after the warning was raised, and the job is
not using the linked service from the beginning. In that case, when the
job needed to access the service, it may have been already there waiting for
connections.
- The service container is not providing any networking service, but it's doing
something with the job's directory (all services have the job directory mounted
as a volume under `/builds`). In that case, the service does its job, and
because the job is not trying to connect to it, it does not fail.
If the services start successfully, they start before the
[`before_script`](../../ci/yaml/index.md#before_script) runs. This means you can
write a `before_script` that queries the service.
Services stop at the end of the job, even if the job fails.
## What services are not for
As mentioned before, this feature is designed to provide **network accessible**
services. A database is the simplest example of such a service.
The services feature is not designed to, and does not, add any software from the
defined `services` images to the job's container.
For example, if you have the following `services` defined in your job, the `php`,
`node` or `go` commands are **not** available for your script, and the job fails:
```yaml
job:
services:
- php:7
- node:latest
- golang:1.10
image: alpine:3.7
script:
- php -v
- node -v
- go version
```
If you need to have `php`, `node` and `go` available for your script, you should
either:
- Choose an existing Docker image that contains all required tools.
- Create your own Docker image, with all the required tools included,
and use that in your job.
## Define `services` in the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file
It's also possible to define different images and services per job:
```yaml
default:
before_script:
- bundle install
test:2.6:
image: ruby:2.6
services:
- postgres:11.7
script:
- bundle exec rake spec
test:2.7:
image: ruby:2.7
services:
- postgres:12.2
script:
- bundle exec rake spec
```
Or you can pass some [extended configuration options](../docker/using_docker_images.md#extended-docker-configuration-options)
for `image` and `services`:
```yaml
default:
image:
name: ruby:2.6
entrypoint: ["/bin/bash"]
services:
- name: my-postgres:11.7
alias: db-postgres
entrypoint: ["/usr/local/bin/db-postgres"]
command: ["start"]
before_script:
- bundle install
test:
script:
- bundle exec rake spec
```
## Accessing the services
Let's say that you need a Wordpress instance to test some API integration with
your application. You can then use for example the
[`tutum/wordpress`](https://hub.docker.com/r/tutum/wordpress/) image in your
`.gitlab-ci.yml` file:
```yaml
services:
- tutum/wordpress:latest
```
If you don't [specify a service alias](#available-settings-for-services),
when the job runs, `tutum/wordpress` is started. You have
access to it from your build container under two hostnames:
- `tutum-wordpress`
- `tutum__wordpress`
Hostnames with underscores are not RFC valid and may cause problems in third-party
applications.
The default aliases for the service's hostname are created from its image name
following these rules:
- Everything after the colon (`:`) is stripped.
- Slash (`/`) is replaced with double underscores (`__`) and the primary alias
is created.
- Slash (`/`) is replaced with a single dash (`-`) and the secondary alias is
created (requires GitLab Runner v1.1.0 or higher).
To override the default behavior, you can
[specify a service alias](#available-settings-for-services).
### Connecting services
You can use inter-dependent services with complex jobs, like end-to-end tests where an
external API needs to communicate with its own database.
For example, for an end-to-end test for a front-end application that uses an API, and where the API needs a database:
```yaml
end-to-end-tests:
image: node:latest
services:
- name: selenium/standalone-firefox:${FIREFOX_VERSION}
alias: firefox
- name: registry.gitlab.com/organization/private-api:latest
alias: backend-api
- postgres:14.3
variables:
FF_NETWORK_PER_BUILD: 1
POSTGRES_PASSWORD: supersecretpassword
BACKEND_POSTGRES_HOST: postgres
script:
- npm install
- npm test
```
For this solution to work, you must use
[the networking mode that creates a new network for each job](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/docker.html#create-a-network-for-each-job).
## Passing CI/CD variables to services
You can also pass custom CI/CD [variables](../variables/index.md)
to fine tune your Docker `images` and `services` directly in the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file.
For more information, read about [`.gitlab-ci.yml` defined variables](../variables/index.md#define-a-cicd-variable-in-the-gitlab-ciyml-file).
```yaml
# The following variables are automatically passed down to the Postgres container
# as well as the Ruby container and available within each.
variables:
HTTPS_PROXY: "https://10.1.1.1:8090"
HTTP_PROXY: "https://10.1.1.1:8090"
POSTGRES_DB: "my_custom_db"
POSTGRES_USER: "postgres"
POSTGRES_PASSWORD: "example"
PGDATA: "/var/lib/postgresql/data"
POSTGRES_INITDB_ARGS: "--encoding=UTF8 --data-checksums"
services:
- name: postgres:11.7
alias: db
entrypoint: ["docker-entrypoint.sh"]
command: ["postgres"]
image:
name: ruby:2.6
entrypoint: ["/bin/bash"]
before_script:
- bundle install
test:
script:
- bundle exec rake spec
```
## Available settings for `services`
> Introduced in GitLab and GitLab Runner 9.4.
| Setting | Required | GitLab version | Description |
|------------|----------|----------------| ----------- |
| `name` | yes, when used with any other option | 9.4 | Full name of the image to use. If the full image name includes a registry hostname, use the `alias` option to define a shorter service access name. For more information, see [Accessing the services](#accessing-the-services). |
| `entrypoint` | no | 9.4 |Command or script to execute as the container's entrypoint. It's translated to the Docker `--entrypoint` option while creating the container. The syntax is similar to [`Dockerfile`'s `ENTRYPOINT`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#entrypoint) directive, where each shell token is a separate string in the array. |
| `command` | no | 9.4 |Command or script that should be used as the container's command. It's translated to arguments passed to Docker after the image's name. The syntax is similar to [`Dockerfile`'s `CMD`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#cmd) directive, where each shell token is a separate string in the array. |
| `alias` (1) | no | 9.4 | Additional alias that can be used to access the service from the job's container. Read [Accessing the services](#accessing-the-services) for more information. |
| `variables` (2) | no | 14.5 | Additional environment variables that are passed exclusively to the service. The syntax is the same as [Job Variables](../variables/index.md). Service variables cannot reference themselves. |
(1) Alias support for the Kubernetes executor was [introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/issues/2229) in GitLab Runner 12.8, and is only available for Kubernetes version 1.7 or later.
(2) Service variables support for the Docker and the Kubernetes executor was [introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/merge_requests/3158) in GitLab Runner 14.8.
## Starting multiple services from the same image
> Introduced in GitLab and GitLab Runner 9.4. Read more about the [extended configuration options](../docker/using_docker_images.md#extended-docker-configuration-options).
Before the new extended Docker configuration options, the following configuration
would not work properly:
```yaml
services:
- mysql:latest
- mysql:latest
```
The runner would start two containers, each that uses the `mysql:latest` image.
However, both of them would be added to the job's container with the `mysql` alias, based on
the [default hostname naming](#accessing-the-services). This would end with one
of the services not being accessible.
After the new extended Docker configuration options, the above example would
look like:
```yaml
services:
- name: mysql:latest
alias: mysql-1
- name: mysql:latest
alias: mysql-2
```
The runner still starts two containers using the `mysql:latest` image,
however now each of them are also accessible with the alias configured
in `.gitlab-ci.yml` file.
## Setting a command for the service
> Introduced in GitLab and GitLab Runner 9.4. Read more about the [extended configuration options](../docker/using_docker_images.md#extended-docker-configuration-options).
Let's assume you have a `super/sql:latest` image with some SQL database
in it. You would like to use it as a service for your job. Let's also
assume that this image does not start the database process while starting
the container. The user needs to manually use `/usr/bin/super-sql run` as
a command to start the database.
Before the new extended Docker configuration options, you would need to:
- Create your own image based on the `super/sql:latest` image.
- Add the default command.
- Use the image in the job's configuration:
```dockerfile
# my-super-sql:latest image's Dockerfile
FROM super/sql:latest
CMD ["/usr/bin/super-sql", "run"]
```
```yaml
# .gitlab-ci.yml
services:
- my-super-sql:latest
```
After the new extended Docker configuration options, you can
set a `command` in the `.gitlab-ci.yml` file instead:
```yaml
# .gitlab-ci.yml
services:
- name: super/sql:latest
command: ["/usr/bin/super-sql", "run"]
```
The syntax of `command` is similar to [Dockerfile `CMD`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#cmd).
## Using `services` with `docker run` (Docker-in-Docker) side-by-side
Containers started with `docker run` can also connect to services provided by GitLab.
When booting the service is expensive or time consuming, you can use
this technique to run tests from different client environments,
while only booting up the tested service once.
```yaml
access-service:
stage: build
image: docker:20.10.16
services:
- docker:dind # necessary for docker run
- tutum/wordpress:latest
variables:
FF_NETWORK_PER_BUILD: "true" # activate container-to-container networking
script: |
docker run --rm --name curl \
--volume "$(pwd)":"$(pwd)" \
--workdir "$(pwd)" \
--network=host \
curlimages/curl:7.74.0 curl "http://tutum-wordpress"
```
For this solution to work, you must:
- Use [the networking mode that creates a new network for each job](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/docker.html#create-a-network-for-each-job).
- [Not use the Docker executor with Docker socket binding](../docker/using_docker_build.md#use-the-docker-executor-with-docker-socket-binding).
If you must, then in the above example, instead of `host`, use the dynamic network name created for this job.
## How Docker integration works
Below is a high level overview of the steps performed by Docker during job
time.
1. Create any service container: `mysql`, `postgresql`, `mongodb`, `redis`.
1. Create a cache container to store all volumes as defined in `config.toml` and
`Dockerfile` of build image (`ruby:2.6` as in above example).
1. Create a build container and link any service container to build container.
1. Start the build container, and send a job script to the container.
1. Run the job script.
1. Checkout code in: `/builds/group-name/project-name/`.
1. Run any step defined in `.gitlab-ci.yml`.
1. Check the exit status of build script.
1. Remove the build container and all created service containers.
## Capturing service container logs
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/merge_requests/3680) in GitLab Runner 15.6.
Logs generated by applications running in service containers can be captured for subsequent examination and debugging.
You might want to look at service container's logs when the service container has started successfully, but is not
behaving as expected, leading to job failures. The logs can indicate missing or incorrect configuration of the service
within the container.
`CI_DEBUG_SERVICES` should only be enabled when service containers are being actively debugged as there are both storage
and performance consequences to capturing service container logs.
To enable service logging, add the `CI_DEBUG_SERVICES` variable to the project's
`.gitlab-ci.yml` file:
```yaml
variables:
CI_DEBUG_SERVICES: "true"
```
Accepted values are:
- Enabled: `TRUE`, `true`, `True`
- Disabled: `FALSE`, `false`, `False`
Any other values result in an error message and effectively disable the feature.
When enabled, logs for _all_ service containers are captured and streamed into the jobs trace log concurrently with
other logs. Logs from each container are prefixed with the container's aliases, and displayed in a different color.
NOTE:
You may want to adjust the logging level in the service container for which you want to capture logs since the default
logging level may not provide sufficient details to diagnose job failures.
WARNING:
Enabling `CI_DEBUG_SERVICES` _may_ result in masked variables being revealed. When `CI_DEBUG_SERVICES` is enabled,
service container logs and the CI job's logs are streamed to the job's trace log _concurrently_, which makes it possible
for a service container log to be inserted _inside_ a job's masked log. This would thwart the variable masking mechanism
and result in the masked variable being revealed.
See [Mask a CI/CD Variable](../variables/index.md#mask-a-cicd-variable)
## Debug a job locally
The following commands are run without root privileges. You should be
able to run Docker with your user account.
First start with creating a file named `build_script`:
```shell
cat <<EOF > build_script
git clone https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner.git /builds/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner
cd /builds/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner
make
EOF
```
Here we use as an example the GitLab Runner repository which contains a
Makefile, so running `make` executes the commands defined in the Makefile.
Instead of `make`, you could run the command which is specific to your project.
Then create some service containers:
```shell
docker run -d --name service-mysql mysql:latest
docker run -d --name service-postgres postgres:latest
```
This creates two service containers, named `service-mysql` and
`service-postgres` which use the latest MySQL and PostgreSQL images
respectively. They both run in the background (`-d`).
Finally, create a build container by executing the `build_script` file we
created earlier:
```shell
docker run --name build -i --link=service-mysql:mysql --link=service-postgres:postgres ruby:2.6 /bin/bash < build_script
```
The above command creates a container named `build` that's spawned from
the `ruby:2.6` image and has two services linked to it. The `build_script` is
piped using `stdin` to the bash interpreter which in turn executes the
`build_script` in the `build` container.
When you finish testing and no longer need the containers, you can remove them
with:
```shell
docker rm -f -v build service-mysql service-postgres
```
This forcefully (`-f`) removes the `build` container, the two service
containers, and all volumes (`-v`) that were created with the container
creation.
## Security when using services containers
Docker privileged mode applies to services. This means that the service image container can access the host system. You should use container images from trusted sources only.
## Shared /builds directory
Services can access files from the build because all services have the job
directory mounted as a volume under `/builds`.
|