This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create tag 'cygwin-cygwin-1_7_21-release

1_7_21-release'.

Sprout from cygwin-64bit-premerge-branch 2013-04-22 17:11:23 UTC cvs2svn 'This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch 'cygwin-64bit-'
Cherrypick from master 2013-07-09 13:14:31 UTC Corinna Vinschen <corinna@vinschen.de> '	* libc/include/sys/config.h (__DYNAMIC_REENT__): Define for RTEMS.':
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Cherrypick from master 2013-07-15 10:04:03 UTC Corinna Vinschen <corinna@vinschen.de> '*** empty log message ***':
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Delete:
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    newlib/libm/machine/aarch64/s_trunc.c
    newlib/libm/machine/aarch64/sf_ceil.c
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    newlib/libm/machine/aarch64/sf_fma.c
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    newlib/libm/machine/aarch64/sf_fmin.c
    newlib/libm/machine/aarch64/sf_llrint.c
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    newlib/libm/machine/aarch64/sf_lrint.c
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    winsup/cygwin/config/i386/profile.h
    winsup/cygwin/cygwin.din
    winsup/cygwin/cygwin.sc
    winsup/doc/cygserver.sgml
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    winsup/doc/programming.sgml
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diff --git a/winsup/doc/specialnames.xml b/winsup/doc/specialnames.xml
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/winsup/doc/specialnames.xml
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding='UTF-8'?>
+<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+		"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">
+
+<sect1 id="using-specialnames"><title>Special filenames</title>
+
+<sect2 id="pathnames-etc"><title>Special files in /etc</title>
+
+<para>Certain files in Cygwin's <filename>/etc</filename> directory are
+read by Cygwin before the mount table has been established.  The list
+of files is</para>
+
+<screen>
+  /etc/fstab
+  /etc/fstab.d/$USER
+  /etc/passwd
+  /etc/group
+</screen>
+
+<para>These file are read using native Windows NT functions which have
+no notion of Cygwin symlinks or POSIX paths.  For that reason
+there are a few requirements as far as <filename>/etc</filename> is
+concerned.</para>
+
+<para>To access these files, the Cygwin DLL evaluates it's own full
+Windows path, strips off the innermost directory component and adds
+"\etc".  Let's assume the Cygwin DLL is installed as
+<filename>C:\cygwin\bin\cygwin1.dll</filename>.  First the DLL name as
+well as the innermost directory (<filename>bin</filename>) is stripped
+off: <filename>C:\cygwin\</filename>.  Then "etc" and the filename to
+look for is attached: <filename>C:\cygwin\etc\fstab</filename>.  So the
+/etc directory must be parallel to the directory in which the cygwin1.dll
+exists and <filename>/etc</filename> must not be a Cygwin symlink
+pointing to another directory.  Consequentially none of the files from
+the above list, including the directory <filename>/etc/fstab.d</filename>
+is allowed to be a Cygwin symlink either.</para>
+
+<para>However, native NTFS symlinks and reparse points are transparent
+when accessing the above files so all these files as well as
+<filename>/etc</filename> itself may be NTFS symlinks or reparse
+points.</para>
+
+<para>Last but not least, make sure that these files are world-readable.
+Every process of any user account has to read these files potentially,
+so world-readability is essential.  The only exception are the user
+specific files <filename>/etc/fstab.d/$USER</filename>, which only have
+to be readable by the $USER user account itself.</para>
+
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2 id="pathnames-dosdevices"><title>Invalid filenames</title>
+
+<para>Filenames invalid under Win32 are not necessarily invalid
+under Cygwin since release 1.7.0.  There are a few rules which
+apply to Windows filenames.  Most notably, DOS device names like
+<filename>AUX</filename>, <filename>COM1</filename>,
+<filename>LPT1</filename> or <filename>PRN</filename> (to name a few)
+cannot be used as filename or extension in a native Win32 application.
+So filenames like <filename>prn.txt</filename> or <filename>foo.aux</filename>
+are invalid filenames for native Win32 applications.</para>
+
+<para>This restriction doesn't apply to Cygwin applications.  Cygwin
+can create and access files with such names just fine.  Just don't try
+to use these files with native Win32 applications.</para>
+
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2 id="pathnames-specialchars">
+<title>Forbidden characters in filenames</title>
+
+<para>Some characters are disallowed in filenames on Windows filesystems.
+These forbidden characters are the ASCII control characters from ASCII
+value 1 to 31, plus the following characters which have a special meaning
+in the Win32 API:</para>
+
+<screen>
+  "   *   :   &lt;   &gt;   ?   |   \
+</screen>
+
+<para>Cygwin can't fix this, but it has a method to workaround this
+restriction.  All of the above characters, except for the backslash,
+are converted to special UNICODE characters in the range 0xf000 to 0xf0ff
+(the "Private use area") when creating or accessing files.</para>
+
+<para>The backslash has to be exempt from this conversion, because Cygwin
+accepts Win32 filenames including backslashes as path separators on input. 
+Converting backslashes using the above method would make this impossible.</para>
+
+<para>Additionally Win32 filenames can't contain trailing dots and spaces
+for DOS backward compatibility.  When trying to create files with trailing
+dots or spaces, all of them are removed before the file is created.  This
+restriction only affects native Win32 applications.  Cygwin applications
+can create and access files with trailing dots and spaces without problems.
+</para>
+
+<para>An exception from this rule are some network filesystems (NetApp,
+NWFS) which choke on these filenames.  They return with an error like
+"No such file or directory" when trying to create such files.  Starting
+with Cygwin 1.7.6, Cygwin recognizes these filesystems and works around
+this problem by applying the same rule as for the other forbidden characters. 
+Leading spaces and trailing dots and spaces will be converted to UNICODE
+characters in the private use area.  This behaviour can be switched on
+explicitely for a filesystem or a directory tree by using the mount option
+<literal>dos</literal>.</para>
+
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2 id="pathnames-unusual">
+<title>Filenames with unusual (foreign) characters</title>
+
+<para> Windows filesystems use Unicode encoded as UTF-16
+to store filename information.  If you don't use the UTF-8
+character set (see <xref linkend="setup-locale"></xref>) then there's a
+chance that a filename is using one or more characters which have no
+representation in the character set you're using.</para>
+
+<note><para>In the default "C" locale, Cygwin creates filenames using
+the UTF-8 charset.  This will always result in some valid filename by
+default, but again might impose problems when switching to a non-"C"
+or non-"UTF-8" charset.</para></note>
+
+<note><para>To avoid this scenario altogether, always use UTF-8 as the
+character set.</para></note>
+
+<para>If you don't want or can't use UTF-8 as character set for whatever
+reason, you will nevertheless be able to access the file.  How does that
+work?  When Cygwin converts the filename from UTF-16 to your character
+set, it recognizes characters which can't be converted.  If that occurs,
+Cygwin replaces the non-convertible character with a special character
+sequence.  The sequence starts with an ASCII CAN character (hex code
+0x18, equivalent Control-X), followed by the UTF-8 representation of the
+character.  The result is a filename containing some ugly looking
+characters.  While it doesn't <emphasis role='bold'>look</emphasis> nice, it
+<emphasis role='bold'>is</emphasis> nice, because Cygwin knows how to convert
+this filename back to UTF-16.  The filename will be converted using your
+usual character set.  However, when Cygwin recognizes an ASCII CAN
+character, it skips over the ASCII CAN and handles the following bytes as
+a UTF-8 character.  Thus, the filename is symmetrically converted back to
+UTF-16 and you can access the file.</para>
+
+<note><para>Please be aware that this method is not entirely foolproof.
+In some character set combinations it might not work for certain native
+characters.</para>
+
+<para>Only by using the UTF-8 charset you can avoid this problem safely.
+</para></note>
+
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2 id="pathnames-casesensitive">
+<title>Case sensitive filenames</title>
+
+<para>In the Win32 subsystem filenames are only case-preserved, but not
+case-sensitive.  You can't access two files in the same directory which
+only differ by case, like <filename>Abc</filename> and
+<filename>aBc</filename>.  While NTFS (and some remote filesystems)
+support case-sensitivity, the NT kernel starting with Windows XP does
+not support it by default.  Rather, you have to tweak a registry setting
+and reboot.  For that reason, case-sensitivity can not be supported by Cygwin,
+unless you change that registry value.</para>
+
+<para>If you really want case-sensitivity in Cygwin, you can switch it
+on by setting the registry value</para>
+
+<screen>
+HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\kernel\obcaseinsensitive
+</screen>
+
+<para>to 0 and reboot the machine.</para>
+
+<note>
+<para>
+When installing Microsoft's Services For Unix (SFU), you're asked if
+you want to use case-sensitive filenames.  If you answer "yes" at this point,
+the installer will change the aforementioned registry value to 0, too.  So, if
+you have SFU installed, there's some chance that the registry value is already
+set to case sensitivity.
+</para>
+</note>
+
+<para>After you set this registry value to 0, Cygwin will be case-sensitive
+by default on NTFS and NFS filesystems.  However, there are limitations: 
+while two <emphasis role='bold'>programs</emphasis> <filename>Abc.exe</filename>
+and <filename>aBc.exe</filename> can be created and accessed like other files,
+starting applications is still case-insensitive due to Windows limitations
+and so the program you try to launch may not be the one actually started.  Also,
+be aware that using two filenames which only differ by case might
+result in some weird interoperability issues with native Win32 applications.  
+You're using case-sensitivity at your own risk.  You have been warned! </para>
+
+<para>Even if you use case-sensitivity, it might be feasible to switch to
+case-insensitivity for certain paths for better interoperability with
+native Win32 applications (even if it's just Windows Explorer).  You can do
+this on a per-mount point base, by using the "posix=0" mount option in
+<filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, or your <filename>/etc/fstab.d/$USER</filename>
+file.</para>
+
+<para><filename>/cygdrive</filename> paths are case-insensitive by default.
+The reason is that the native Windows %PATH% environment variable is not
+always using the correct case for all paths in it.  As a result, if you use
+case-sensitivity on the <filename>/cygdrive</filename> prefix, your shell
+might claim that it can't find Windows commands like <command>attrib</command>
+or <command>net</command>.  To ease the pain, the <filename>/cygdrive</filename>
+path is case-insensitive by default and you have to use the "posix=1" setting
+explicitly in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> or
+<filename>/etc/fstab.d/$USER</filename> to switch it to case-sensitivity,
+or you have to make sure that the native Win32 %PATH% environment variable
+is using the correct case for all paths throughout.</para>
+
+<para>Note that mount points as well as device names and virtual
+paths like /proc are always case-sensitive!  The only exception are
+the subdirectories and filenames under /proc/registry, /proc/registry32
+and /proc/registry64.  Registry access is always case-insensitive.
+Read on for more information.</para>
+
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2 id="pathnames-posixdevices"> <title>POSIX devices</title>
+<para>While there is no need to create a POSIX <filename>/dev</filename> 
+directory, the directory is automatically created as part of a Cygwin
+installation.  It's existence is often a prerequisit to run certain
+applications which create symbolic links, fifos, or UNIX sockets in
+<filename>/dev</filename>.  Also, the directories <filename>/dev/shm</filename>
+and <filename>/dev/mqueue</filename> are required to exist to use named POSIX
+semaphores, shared memory, and message queues, so a system without a real
+<filename>/dev</filename> directory is functionally crippled.
+</para>
+
+<para>Apart from that, Cygwin automatically simulates POSIX devices
+internally.  Up to Cygwin 1.7.11, these devices couldn't be seen with the
+command <command>ls /dev/</command> although commands such as
+<command>ls /dev/tty</command> worked fine.  Starting with Cygwin 1.7.12,
+the <filename>/dev</filename> directory is automagically populated with
+existing POSIX devices by Cygwin in a way comparable with a
+<ulink url="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev">udev</ulink> based virtual
+<filename>/dev</filename> directory under Linux.</para>
+
+<para>
+Cygwin supports the following character devices commonly found on POSIX systems:
+</para>
+
+<screen>
+/dev/null
+/dev/zero
+/dev/full
+
+/dev/console	Pseudo device name for the current console window of a session.
+		Up to Cygwin 1.7.9, this was the only name for a console.
+		Different consoles were indistinguishable.
+		Cygwin's /dev/console is not quite comparable with the console
+		device on UNIX machines.
+
+/dev/cons0      Starting with Cygwin 1.7.10, Console sessions are numbered from 
+/dev/cons1	/dev/cons0 upwards.  Console device names are pseudo device
+...		names, only accessible from processes within this very console
+		session.  This is due to a restriction in Windows.
+
+/dev/tty	The current controlling tty of a session.
+
+/dev/ptmx	Pseudo tty master device.
+
+/dev/pty0	Pseudo ttys are numbered from /dev/pty0 upwards as they are
+/dev/pty1	requested.
+...
+
+/dev/ttyS0	Serial communication devices.  ttyS0 == Win32 COM1,
+/dev/ttyS1	ttyS1 == COM2, etc.
+...
+
+/dev/pipe
+/dev/fifo
+
+/dev/mem	The physical memory of the machine.  Note that access to the
+/dev/port	physical memory has been restricted with Windows Server 2003.
+/dev/kmem	Since this OS, you can't access physical memory from user space.
+
+/dev/kmsg	Kernel message pipe, for usage with sys logger services.
+
+/dev/random	Random number generator.
+/dev/urandom
+
+/dev/dsp	Default sound device of the system.
+</screen>
+
+<para>
+Cygwin also has several Windows-specific devices:
+</para>
+
+<screen>
+/dev/com1	The serial ports, starting with COM1 which is the same as ttyS0.
+/dev/com2	Please use /dev/ttySx instead.
+...
+
+/dev/conin	Same as Windows CONIN$.
+/dev/conout	Same as Windows CONOUT$.
+/dev/clipboard	The Windows clipboard, text only
+/dev/windows	The Windows message queue.
+</screen>
+
+<para>
+Block devices are accessible by Cygwin processes using fixed POSIX device
+names.  These POSIX device names are generated using a direct conversion
+from the POSIX namespace to the internal NT namespace.
+E.g. the first harddisk is the NT internal device \device\harddisk0\partition0
+or the first partition on the third harddisk is \device\harddisk2\partition1.
+The first floppy in the system is \device\floppy0, the first CD-ROM is
+\device\cdrom0 and the first tape drive is \device\tape0.</para>
+
+<para>The mapping from physical device to the name of the device in the
+internal NT namespace can be found in various places.  For hard disks and
+CD/DVD drives, the Windows "Disk Management" utility (part of the
+"Computer Management" console) shows that the mapping of "Disk 0" is
+\device\harddisk0.  "CD-ROM 2" is \device\cdrom2.  Another place to find
+this mapping is the "Device Management" console.  Disks have a
+"Location" number, tapes have a "Tape Symbolic Name", etc.
+Unfortunately, the places where this information is found is not very
+well-defined.</para>
+
+<para>
+For external disks (USB-drives, CF-cards in a cardreader, etc) you can use
+Cygwin to show the mapping.  <filename>/proc/partitions</filename>
+contains a list of raw drives known to Cygwin.  The <command>df</command>
+command shows a list of drives and their respective sizes.  If you match
+the information between <filename>/proc/partitions</filename> and the
+<command>df</command> output, you should be able to figure out which
+external drive corresponds to which raw disk device name.</para>
+
+<note><para>Apart from tape devices which are not block devices and are
+by default accessed directly, accessing mass storage devices raw
+is something you should only do if you know what you're doing and know how to
+handle the information.  <emphasis role='bold'>Writing</emphasis> to a raw
+mass storage device you should only do if you
+<emphasis role='bold'>really</emphasis> know what you're doing and are aware
+of the fact that any mistake can destroy important information, for the
+device, and for you.  So, please, handle this ability with care.
+<emphasis role='bold'>You have been warned.</emphasis></para></note>
+
+<para>
+Last but not least, the mapping from POSIX /dev namespace to internal
+NT namespace is as follows:
+</para>
+
+<screen>
+POSIX device name     Internal NT device name
+
+/dev/st0	      \device\tape0, rewind
+/dev/nst0	      \device\tape0, no-rewind
+/dev/st1	      \device\tape1
+/dev/nst1	      \device\tape1
+...
+/dev/st15
+/dev/nst15
+
+/dev/fd0	      \device\floppy0
+/dev/fd1	      \device\floppy1
+...
+/dev/fd15
+
+/dev/sr0	      \device\cdrom0
+/dev/sr1	      \device\cdrom1
+...
+/dev/sr15
+
+/dev/scd0	      \device\cdrom0
+/dev/scd1	      \device\cdrom1
+...
+/dev/scd15
+
+/dev/sda	      \device\harddisk0\partition0	(whole disk)
+/dev/sda1	      \device\harddisk0\partition1	(first partition)
+...
+/dev/sda15	      \device\harddisk0\partition15	(fifteenth partition)
+
+/dev/sdb	      \device\harddisk1\partition0
+/dev/sdb1	      \device\harddisk1\partition1
+
+[up to]
+
+/dev/sddx	      \device\harddisk127\partition0
+/dev/sddx1	      \device\harddisk127\partition1
+...
+/dev/sddx15	      \device\harddisk127\partition15
+</screen>
+
+<para>
+if you don't like these device names, feel free to create symbolic
+links as they are created on Linux systems for convenience:
+</para>
+
+<screen>
+ln -s /dev/sr0 /dev/cdrom
+ln -s /dev/nst0 /dev/tape
+...
+</screen>
+
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2 id="pathnames-exe"><title>The .exe extension</title>
+
+<para>Win32 executable filenames end with <filename>.exe</filename>
+but the <filename>.exe</filename> need not be included in the command,
+so that traditional UNIX names can be used.  However, for programs that
+end in <filename>.bat</filename> and <filename>.com</filename>, you
+cannot omit the extension.  </para>
+
+<para>As a side effect, the <command> ls filename</command> gives
+information about <filename>filename.exe</filename> if
+<filename>filename.exe</filename> exists and <filename>filename</filename>
+does not.  In the same situation the function call
+<function>stat("filename",..)</function> gives information about
+<filename>filename.exe</filename>.  The two files can be distinguished
+by examining their inodes, as demonstrated below.
+<screen>
+<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>ls * </userinput>
+a      a.exe     b.exe
+<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>ls -i a a.exe</userinput>
+445885548 a       435996602 a.exe
+<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>ls -i b b.exe</userinput>
+432961010 b       432961010 b.exe
+</screen>
+If a shell script <filename>myprog</filename> and a program
+<filename>myprog.exe</filename> coexist in a directory, the shell
+script has precedence and is selected for execution of
+<command>myprog</command>.  Note that this was quite the reverse up to
+Cygwin 1.5.19.  It has been changed for consistency with the rest of Cygwin.
+</para>
+
+<para>The <command>gcc</command> compiler produces an executable named
+<filename>filename.exe</filename> when asked to produce
+<filename>filename</filename>. This allows many makefiles written
+for UNIX systems to work well under Cygwin.</para>
+
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2 id="pathnames-proc"><title>The /proc filesystem</title> 
+<para>
+Cygwin, like Linux and other similar operating systems, supports the
+<filename>/proc</filename> virtual filesystem. The files in this
+directory are representations of various aspects of your system,
+for example the command <userinput>cat /proc/cpuinfo</userinput> 
+displays information such as what model and speed processor you have.
+</para>
+<para>
+One unique aspect of the Cygwin <filename>/proc</filename> filesystem
+is <filename>/proc/registry</filename>, see next section.
+</para>
+<para>
+The Cygwin <filename>/proc</filename> is not as complete as the
+one in Linux, but it provides significant capabilities. The
+<systemitem>procps</systemitem> package contains several utilities
+that use it.
+</para>
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2 id="pathnames-proc-registry"><title>The /proc/registry filesystem</title>
+<para>
+The <filename>/proc/registry</filename> filesystem provides read-only
+access to the Windows registry.  It displays each <literal>KEY</literal>
+as a directory and each <literal>VALUE</literal> as a file.  As anytime
+you deal with the Windows registry, use caution since changes may result
+in an unstable or broken system.  There are additionally subdirectories called
+<filename>/proc/registry32</filename> and <filename>/proc/registry64</filename>.
+They are identical to <filename>/proc/registry</filename> on 32 bit
+host OSes.  On 64 bit host OSes, <filename>/proc/registry32</filename>
+opens the 32 bit processes view on the registry, while
+<filename>/proc/registry64</filename> opens the 64 bit processes view.
+</para>
+<para>
+Reserved characters ('/', '\', ':', and '%') or reserved names
+(<filename>.</filename> and <filename>..</filename>) are converted by
+percent-encoding:
+<screen>
+<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>regtool list -v '\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\MountedDevices'</userinput>
+...
+\DosDevices\C: (REG_BINARY) = cf a8 97 e8 00 08 fe f7
+...
+<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>cd /proc/registry/HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SYSTEM</userinput>
+<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>ls -l MountedDevices</userinput>
+...
+-r--r----- 1 Admin SYSTEM  12 Dec 10 11:20 %5CDosDevices%5CC%3A
+...
+<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>od -t x1 MountedDevices/%5CDosDevices%5CC%3A</userinput>
+0000000 cf a8 97 e8 00 08 fe f7 01 00 00 00
+</screen>
+The unnamed (default) value of a key can be accessed using the filename
+<filename>@</filename>.
+</para>
+<para>
+If a registry key contains a subkey and a value with the same name
+<filename>foo</filename>, Cygwin displays the subkey as
+<filename>foo</filename> and the value as <filename>foo%val</filename>.
+</para>
+</sect2>
+
+<sect2 id="pathnames-at"><title>The @pathnames</title> 
+<para>To circumvent the limitations on shell line length in the native
+Windows command shells, Cygwin programs, when invoked by non-Cygwin processes, expand their arguments
+starting with "@" in a special way.  If a file
+<filename>pathname</filename> exists, the argument
+<filename>@pathname</filename> expands recursively to the content of
+<filename>pathname</filename>. Double quotes can be used inside the
+file to delimit strings containing blank space. 
+In the following example compare the behaviors
+<command>/bin/echo</command> when run from bash and from the Windows command prompt.</para>
+
+<example id="pathnames-at-ex"><title> Using @pathname</title>
+<screen>
+<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>/bin/echo  'This   is   "a     long"  line' > mylist</userinput>
+<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>/bin/echo @mylist</userinput>
+@mylist
+<prompt>bash$</prompt> <userinput>cmd</userinput>
+<prompt>c:\&gt;</prompt> <userinput>c:\cygwin\bin\echo @mylist</userinput>
+This is a     long line
+</screen>
+</example>
+</sect2> 
+</sect1>