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<sect1 id="using-effectively">
<title>Using Cygwin effectively with Windows</title>
<para>
Cygwin is not a full operating system, and so must rely on Windows for
accomplishing some tasks. For example, Cygwin provides a POSIX view
of the Windows filesystem, but does not provide filesystem drivers of
its own. Therefore part of using Cygwin effectively is learning to use
Windows effectively.
Many Windows utilities provide a good way to interact with Cygwin's
predominately command-line environment. For example,
<command>ipconfig.exe</command> provides information about network
configuration, and <command>net.exe</command> views and configures
network file and printer resources. Most of these tools
support the <literal>/?</literal> switch to display usage information.
</para>
<para>
Unfortunately, no standard set of tools included with all versions of
Windows exists. If you are unfamiliar with the tools available
on your system, here is a general guide. Windows 2000 has only a basic
set of tools, which later versions of Windows expanded. Microsoft also
provides free downloads for Windows 2000 (the Resource Kit Tools), and XP
(the Windows Support Tools). Generally, the younger the Windows version,
the more complete are the on-board tools. Additionally, many independent
sites such as
<ulink url="http://download.com">download.com</ulink>,
<ulink url="http://simtel.net">simtel.net</ulink>,
and Microsoft's own
<ulink url="http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/default.aspx">Sysinternals</ulink>
provide quite useful command-line utilities, as far as they are not
already provided by Cygwin. A few Windows tools, such as
<command>find.exe</command>, <command>link.exe</command> and
<command>sort.exe</command>, may conflict with the Cygwin versions
make sure that you use the full path (<command>/usr/bin/find</command>)
or that your Cygwin <literal>bin</literal> directory comes first in your
<envar>PATH</envar>.
</para>
<sect2 id="using-pathnames-effectively"> <title>Pathnames</title>
<para>
Windows programs do not understand POSIX pathnames, so any arguments
that reference the filesystem must be in Windows (or DOS) format or
translated. Cygwin provides the <command>cygpath</command> utility for
converting between Windows and POSIX paths. A complete description of its
options and examples of its usage are in <xref linkend="cygpath"></xref>,
including a shell script for starting Windows Explorer in any directory.
The same format works for most Windows programs, for example
<screen>
<literal>notepad.exe "$(cygpath -aw "Desktop/Phone Numbers.txt")"</literal>
</screen>
A few programs require a Windows-style, semicolon-delimited path list,
which <command>cygpath</command> can translate from a POSIX path with the
<literal>-p</literal> option. For example, a Java compilation from
<command>bash</command> might look like this:
<screen>
<literal>javac -cp "$(cygpath -pw "$CLASSPATH")" hello.java</literal>
</screen>
Since using quoting and subshells is somewhat awkward, it is often
preferable to use <command>cygpath</command> in shell scripts.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="using-net"> <title>Cygwin and Windows Networking</title>
<para>
Many popular Cygwin packages, such as <systemitem>ncftp</systemitem>,
<systemitem>lynx</systemitem>, and <systemitem>wget</systemitem>, require a
network connection. Since Cygwin relies on Windows for connectivity,
if one of these tools is not working as expected you may need to
troubleshoot using Windows tools. The first test is to see if you
can reach the URL's host with <command>ping.exe</command>, one of the
few utilities included with every Windows version since Windows 95.
If you chose to install the <systemitem>inetutils</systemitem> package,
you may have both
Windows and Cygwin versions of utilities such as <command>ftp</command>
and <command>telnet</command>. If you are having problems using one
of these programs, see if the alternate one works as expected.
</para>
<para>
There are a variety of other programs available for specific situations.
If your system does not have an always-on network connection, you
may be interested in <command>rasdial.exe</command> for automating dialup
connections.
Users who frequently change their network
configuration can script these changes with <command>netsh.exe</command>
(Windows 2000 and later). For proxy users, the open source
<ulink url="http://apserver.sourceforge.net">
NTLM Authorization Proxy Server</ulink> or the no-charge
<ulink url="http://www.hummingbird.com/products/nc/socks/index.html">
Hummingbird SOCKS Proxy</ulink> may allow you to use Cygwin network
programs in your environment.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="using-cygutils"><title>The cygutils package</title>
<para>
The optional <systemitem>cygutils</systemitem> package contains
miscellaneous tools that are small enough to not require their own package.
It is not included in a default Cygwin install; select it from the Utils
category in <command>setup.exe</command>. Several of the
<systemitem>cygutils</systemitem> tools are useful for interacting with
Windows.</para>
<para>
One of the hassles of Unix-Windows interoperability is the different line
endings on text files. As mentioned in <xref linkend="using-textbinary"></xref>,
Unix tools such as <command>tr</command> can convert between CRLF and LF
endings, but <systemitem>cygutils</systemitem> provides several dedicated programs:
<command>conv</command>, <command>d2u</command>, <command>dos2unix</command>,
<command>u2d</command>, and <command>unix2dos</command>. Use the
<literal>--help</literal> switch for usage information.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="using-shortcuts"><title>Creating shortcuts with cygutils</title>
<para>
Another problem area is between Unix-style links, which link one file
to another, and Microsoft .lnk files, which provide a shortcut to a
file. They seem similar at first glance but, in reality, are fairly
different. By default, Cygwin does not create symlinks as .lnk files,
but there's an option to do that, see <xref linkend="using-cygwinenv"></xref>.
These symlink .lnk files are compatible with Windows-created .lnk files,
but they are still different. They do not include much of the information
that is available in a standard Microsoft shortcut, such as the working
directory, an icon, etc. The <systemitem>cygutils</systemitem>
package includes a <command>mkshortcut</command> utility for creating
standard native Microsoft .lnk files.
</para>
<para>
But here's the problem. If Cygwin handled these native shortcuts like any
other symlink, you could not archive Microsoft .lnk files into
<command>tar</command> archives and keep all the information in them.
After unpacking, these shortcuts would have lost all the extra information
and would be no different than standard Cygwin symlinks. Therefore these two
types of links are treated differently. Unfortunately, this means that the
usual Unix way of creating and using symlinks does not work with native
Windows shortcuts.
</para>
</sect2>
<sect2 id="using-printing"><title>Printing with cygutils</title>
<para>
There are several options for printing from Cygwin, including the
<command>lpr</command> found in <systemitem>cygutils</systemitem> (not to be confused with the
native Windows <command>lpr.exe</command>). The easiest way to use <systemitem>cygutils</systemitem>'
<command>lpr</command> is to specify a default device name in the
<envar>PRINTER</envar> environment variable. You may also specify a device
on the command line with the <literal>-d</literal> or <literal>-P</literal>
options, which will override the environment variable setting.
</para>
<para>
A device name
may be a UNC path (<literal>\\server_name\printer_name</literal>), a reserved
DOS device name (<literal>prn</literal>, <literal>lpt1</literal>), or a
local port name that is mapped to a printer share. Note that forward slashes
may be used in a UNC path (<literal>//server_name/printer_name</literal>),
which is helpful when using <command>lpr</command> from a shell that uses
the backslash as an escape character.
</para>
<para>
<command>lpr</command> sends raw data to the printer; no formatting is done.
Many, but not all, printers accept plain text as input. If your printer
supports PostScript, packages such as
<systemitem>a2ps</systemitem> and <systemitem>enscript</systemitem> can prepare
text files for printing. The <systemitem>ghostscript</systemitem> package also
provides some translation
from PostScript to various native printer languages. Additionally, a native
Windows application for printing PostScript, <command>gsprint</command>, is
available from the <ulink url="http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/">Ghostscript
website</ulink>.
</para>
</sect2>
</sect1>
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