path: root/winsup/utils/utils.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding='UTF-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
		"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd">

<sect1 id="using-utils">
  <title>Cygwin Utilities</title>

  <para>Cygwin comes with a number of command-line utilities that are used to
    manage the UNIX emulation portion of the Cygwin environment. While many of
    these reflect their UNIX counterparts, each was written specifically for
    Cygwin. You may use the long or short option names interchangeably; for
    example, <literal>--help</literal> and <literal>-h</literal> function
    identically. All of the Cygwin command-line utilities support the
    <literal>--help</literal> and <literal>--version</literal> options. </para>

  <sect2 id="cygcheck">
    <title>cygcheck</title>

    <screen>
Usage: cygcheck [-v] [-h] PROGRAM
       cygcheck -c [-d] [PACKAGE]
       cygcheck -s [-r] [-v] [-h]
       cygcheck -k
       cygcheck -f FILE [FILE]...
       cygcheck -l [PACKAGE]...
       cygcheck -p REGEXP
       cygcheck --delete-orphaned-installation-keys
       cygcheck --enable-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL
       cygcheck --disable-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL
       cygcheck --show-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL
       cygcheck -h

List system information, check installed packages, or query package database.

At least one command option or a PROGRAM is required, as shown above.

  PROGRAM              list library (DLL) dependencies of PROGRAM
  -c, --check-setup    show installed version of PACKAGE and verify integrity
                       (or for all installed packages if none specified)
  -d, --dump-only      just list packages, do not verify (with -c)
  -s, --sysinfo        produce diagnostic system information (implies -c -d)
  -r, --registry       also scan registry for Cygwin settings (with -s)
  -k, --keycheck       perform a keyboard check session (must be run from a
                       plain console only, not from a pty/rxvt/xterm)
  -f, --find-package   find the package to which FILE belongs
  -l, --list-package   list contents of PACKAGE (or all packages if none given)
  -p, --package-query  search for REGEXP in the entire cygwin.com package
                       repository (requires internet connectivity)
  --delete-orphaned-installation-keys
                       Delete installation keys of old, now unused
                       installations from the registry.  Requires the right
                       to change the registry.
  --enable-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL
  --disable-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL
  --show-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL
                       Enable, disable, or show the setting of the
                       \"unique object names\" setting in the Cygwin DLL
                       given as argument to this option.  The DLL path must
                       be given as valid Windows(!) path.
                       See the users guide for more information.
                       If you don't know what this means, don't change it.
  -v, --verbose        produce more verbose output
  -h, --help           annotate output with explanatory comments when given
                       with another command, otherwise print this help
  -V, --version        print the version of cygcheck and exit

Note: -c, -f, and -l only report on packages that are currently installed. To
  search all official Cygwin packages use -p instead.  The -p REGEXP matches
  package names, descriptions, and names of files/paths within all packages.
</screen>

    <para> The <command>cygcheck</command> program is a diagnostic utility for
      dealing with Cygwin programs. If you are familiar with
      <command>dpkg</command> or <command>rpm</command>,
      <command>cygcheck</command> is similar in many ways. (The major
      difference is that <command>setup.exe</command> handles installing and
      uninstalling packages; see <xref linkend="internet-setup"/> for more
      information.) </para>
    <para> The <literal>-c</literal> option checks the version and status of
      installed Cygwin packages. If you specify one or more package names,
      <command>cygcheck</command> will limit its output to those packages, or
      with no arguments it lists all packages. A package will be marked
      <literal>Incomplete</literal> if files originally installed are no longer
      present. The best thing to do in that situation is reinstall the package
      with <command>setup.exe</command>. To see which files are missing, use
      the <literal>-v</literal> option. If you do not need to know the status
      of each package and want <command>cygcheck</command> to run faster, add
      the <literal>-d</literal> option and <command>cygcheck</command> will
      only output the name and version for each package. </para>
    <para> If you list one or more programs on the command line,
      <command>cygcheck</command> will diagnose the runtime environment of that
      program or programs, providing the names of DLL files on which the
      program depends. If you specify the <literal>-s</literal> option,
      <command>cygcheck</command> will give general system information. If you
      list one or more programs on the command line and specify
      <literal>-s</literal>, <command>cygcheck</command> will report on
      both.</para>
    <para> The <literal>-f</literal> option helps you to track down which
      package a file came from, and <literal>-l</literal> lists all files in a
      package. For example, to find out about
      <filename>/usr/bin/less</filename> and its package: <example
      id="utils-cygcheck-ex"><title>Example <command>cygcheck</command>
      usage</title>
      <screen>
$ cygcheck -f /usr/bin/less
less-381-1

$ cygcheck -l less
/usr/bin/less.exe
/usr/bin/lessecho.exe
/usr/bin/lesskey.exe
/usr/man/man1/less.1
/usr/man/man1/lesskey.1
</screen>
      </example> </para>

    <para>The <literal>-h</literal> option prints additional helpful messages
      in the report, at the beginning of each section. It also adds table
      column headings. While this is useful information, it also adds some to
      the size of the report, so if you want a compact report or if you know
      what everything is already, just leave this out.</para>

    <para>The <literal>-v</literal> option causes the output to be more
      verbose. What this means is that additional information will be reported
      which is usually not interesting, such as the internal version numbers of
      DLLs, additional information about recursive DLL usage, and if a file in
      one directory in the PATH also occurs in other directories on the PATH. </para>

    <para>The <literal>-r</literal> option causes <command>cygcheck</command>
      to search your registry for information that is relevant to Cygwin
      programs. These registry entries are the ones that have "Cygwin" in the
      name. If you are paranoid about privacy, you may remove information from
      this report, but please keep in mind that doing so makes it harder to
      diagnose your problems.</para>

    <para>In contrast to the other options that search the packages that are
      installed on your local system, the <literal>-p</literal> option can be
      used to search the entire official Cygwin package repository. It takes as
      argument a Perl-compatible regular expression which is used to match
      package names, package descriptions, and path/filenames of the contents
      of packages. This feature requires an active internet connection, since
      it must query the <literal>cygwin.com</literal> web site. In fact, it is
      equivalent to the search that is available on the <ulink
      url="http://cygwin.com/packages/">Cygwin package listing</ulink>
      page.</para>

    <para>For example, perhaps you are getting an error because you are missing
      a certain DLL and you want to know which package includes that file:
      <example id="utils-search-ex"><title>Searching all packages for a
      file</title>
      <screen>
$ cygcheck -p 'cygintl-2\.dll'
Found 1 matches for 'cygintl-2\.dll'.

libintl2-0.12.1-3         GNU Internationalization runtime library

$ cygcheck -p 'libexpat.*\.a'
Found 2 matches for 'libexpat.*\.a'.

expat-1.95.7-1            XML parser library written in C
expat-1.95.8-1            XML parser library written in C

$ cygcheck -p '/ls\.exe'
Found 2 matches for '/ls\.exe'.

coreutils-5.2.1-5         GNU core utilities (includes fileutils, sh-utils and textutils)
coreutils-5.3.0-6         GNU core utilities (includes fileutils, sh-utils and textutils)
</screen>
      </example> </para>

    <para>Note that this option takes a regular expression, not a glob or
      wildcard. This means that you need to use <literal>.*</literal> if you
      want something similar to the wildcard <literal>*</literal> commonly used
      in filename globbing. Similarly, to match the period character you should
      use <literal>\.</literal> since the <literal>.</literal> character in a
      regexp is a metacharacter that will match any character. Also be aware
      that the characters such as <literal>\</literal> and <literal>*</literal>
      are shell metacharacters, so they must be either escaped or quoted, as in
      the example above.</para>

    <para>The third example above illustrates that if you want to match a whole
      filename, you should include the <literal>/</literal> path seperator. In
      the given example this ensures that filenames that happen to end in
      <literal>ls.exe</literal> such as <literal>ncftpls.exe</literal> are not
      shown. Note that this use does not mean "look for packages with
      <literal>ls</literal> in the root directory," since the
      <literal>/</literal> can match anywhere in the path. It's just there to
      anchor the match so that it matches a full filename.</para>

    <para>By default the matching is case-sensitive. To get a case insensitive
      match, begin your regexp with <literal>(?i)</literal> which is a
      PCRE-specific feature. For complete documentation on Perl-compatible
      regular expression syntax and options, read the <command>perlre</command>
      manpage, or one of many websites such as <literal>perldoc.com</literal>
      that document the Perl language.</para>

    <para>The <command>cygcheck</command> program should be used to send
      information about your system for troubleshooting when requested. When
      asked to run this command save the output so that you can email it, for
      example:</para>

    <screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>cygcheck -s -v -r -h &gt; cygcheck_output.txt</userinput>
</screen>

    <para> Each Cygwin DLL stores its path and installation key in the
      registry. This allows troubleshooting of problems which could be a result
      of having multiple concurrent Cygwin installations. However, if you're
      experimenting a lot with different Cygwin installation paths, your
      registry could accumulate a lot of old Cygwin installation entries for
      which the installation doesn't exist anymore. To get rid of these
      orphaned registry entries, use the <command>cygcheck
      --delete-orphaned-installation-keys</command> command.</para>

    <para> Each Cygwin DLL generates a key value from its installation path.
      This value is not only stored in the registry, it's also used to generate
      global object names used for interprocess communication. This keeps
      different Cygwin installations separate. Processes running under a Cygwin
      DLL installed in C:\cygwin don't see processes running under a Cygwin DLL
      installed in C:\Program Files\cygwin. This allows running multiple
      versions of Cygwin DLLs without these versions to interfere with each
      other, or to run small third-party installations for a specific purpose
      independently from a Cygwin net distribution. </para>

    <para> For debugging purposes it could be desired that the various Cygwin
      DLLs use the same key, independently from their installation paths. If
      the DLLs have different versions, trying to run processes under these
      DLLs concurrently will result in error messages like this one:</para>

    <screen>
*** shared version mismatch detected - 0x8A88009C/0x75BE0074.
This problem is probably due to using incompatible versions of the Cygwin DLL.
Search for cygwin1.dll using the Windows Start->Find/Search facility
and delete all but the most recent version.  The most recent version *should*
reside in x:\\cygwin\\bin, where 'x' is the drive on which you have
installed the cygwin distribution.  Rebooting is also suggested if you
are unable to find another Cygwin DLL.
</screen>

    <para> To disable the usage of a unique key value of a certain Cygwin DLL,
      use the <command>cygcheck --disable-unique-object-names
      Cygwin-DLL</command> command. <literal>Cygwin-DLL</literal> is the
      Windows path (*not* a Cygwin POSIX path) to the DLL for which you want to
      disable this feature. Note that you have to stop all Cygwin processes
      running under this DLL, before you're allowed to change this setting. For
      instance, run <command>cygcheck</command> from a DOS command line for
      this purpose.</para>

    <para>To re-enable the usage of a unique key, use the <command>cygcheck
      --enable-unique-object-names Cygwin-DLL</command> command. This option
      has the same characteristics as the
      <literal>--disable-unique-object-names</literal> option</para>

    <para>Finally, you can use <command>cygcheck --show-unique-object-names
      Cygwin-DLL</command> to find out if the given Cygwin DLL use unique
      object names or not. In contrast to the <literal>--disable-...</literal>
      and <literal>--enable-...</literal> options, the
      <literal>--show-unique-object-names</literal> option also works for
      Cygwin DLLs which are currently in use.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="cygpath">
    <title>cygpath</title>

    <screen>
Usage: cygpath (-d|-m|-u|-w|-t TYPE) [-f FILE] [OPTION]... NAME...
       cygpath [-c HANDLE] 
       cygpath [-ADHOPSW] 
       cygpath [-F ID] 

Convert Unix and Windows format paths, or output system path information

Output type options:

  -d, --dos             print DOS (short) form of NAMEs (C:\PROGRA~1\)
  -m, --mixed           like --windows, but with regular slashes (C:/WINNT)
  -M, --mode            report on mode of file (currently binmode or textmode)
  -u, --unix            (default) print Unix form of NAMEs (/cygdrive/c/winnt)
  -w, --windows         print Windows form of NAMEs (C:\WINNT)
  -t, --type TYPE       print TYPE form: 'dos', 'mixed', 'unix', or 'windows'

Path conversion options:

  -a, --absolute        output absolute path
  -l, --long-name       print Windows long form of NAMEs (with -w, -m only)
  -p, --path            NAME is a PATH list (i.e., '/bin:/usr/bin')
  -s, --short-name      print DOS (short) form of NAMEs (with -w, -m only)
  -C, --codepage CP     print DOS, Windows, or mixed pathname in Windows
                        codepage CP.  CP can be a numeric codepage identifier,
                        or one of the reserved words ANSI, OEM, or UTF8.
                        If this option is missing, cygpath defaults to the
                        character set defined by the current locale.

System information:

  -A, --allusers        use `All Users' instead of current user for -D, -P
  -D, --desktop         output `Desktop' directory and exit
  -H, --homeroot        output `Profiles' directory (home root) and exit
  -O, --mydocs          output `My Documents' directory and exit
  -P, --smprograms      output Start Menu `Programs' directory and exit
  -S, --sysdir          output system directory and exit
  -W, --windir          output `Windows' directory and exit
  -F, --folder ID       output special folder with numeric ID and exit

Other options:

  -f, --file FILE       read FILE for input; use - to read from STDIN
  -o, --option          read options from FILE as well (for use with --file)
  -c, --close HANDLE    close HANDLE (for use in captured process)
  -i, --ignore          ignore missing argument
  -h, --help            output usage information and exit
  -V, --version         output version information and exit
</screen>

    <para>The <command>cygpath</command> program is a utility that converts
      Windows native filenames to Cygwin POSIX-style pathnames and vice versa.
      It can be used when a Cygwin program needs to pass a file name to a
      native Windows program, or expects to get a file name from a native
      Windows program. Alternatively, <command>cygpath</command> can output
      information about the location of important system directories in either
      format. </para>

    <para>The <literal>-u</literal> and <literal>-w</literal> options indicate
      whether you want a conversion to UNIX (POSIX) format
      (<literal>-u</literal>) or to Windows format (<literal>-w</literal>). Use
      the <literal>-d</literal> to get DOS-style (8.3) file and path names. The
      <literal>-m</literal> option will output Windows-style format but with
      forward slashes instead of backslashes. This option is especially useful
      in shell scripts, which use backslashes as an escape character.</para>

    <para> In combination with the <literal>-w</literal> option, you can use
      the <literal>-l</literal> and <literal>-s</literal> options to use normal
      (long) or DOS-style (short) form. The <literal>-d</literal> option is
      identical to <literal>-w</literal> and <literal>-s</literal> together. </para>

    <para>The <literal>-C</literal> option allows to specify a Windows codepage
      to print DOS and Windows paths created with one of the
      <literal>-d</literal>, <literal>-m</literal>, or <literal>-w</literal>
      options. The default is to use the character set of the current locale
      defined by one of the internationalization environment variables
      <envar>LC_ALL</envar>, <envar>LC_CTYPE</envar>, or <envar>LANG</envar>,
      see <xref linkend="setup-locale"/>. This is sometimes not sufficient for
      interaction with native Windows tools, which might expect native,
      non-ASCII characters in a specific Windows codepage. Console tools, for
      instance, might expect pathnames in the current OEM codepage, while
      graphical tools like Windows Explorer might expect pathnames in the
      current ANSI codepage.</para>

    <para>The <literal>-C</literal> option takes a single parameter:</para>
    <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
      <listitem>
        <para><literal>ANSI</literal>, to specify the current ANSI
          codepage</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><literal>OEM</literal>, to specify the current OEM (console)
          codepage</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para><literal>UTF8</literal>, to specify UTF-8.</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>A numerical, decimal codepage number, for instance 936 for GBK,
          28593 for ISO-8859-3, etc. A full list of supported codepages is
          listed on the Microsoft MSDN page <ulink
          url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd317756(VS.85).aspx"
          >Code Page Identifiers</ulink>. A codepage of 0 is the same as if the
          <literal>-C</literal> hasn't been specified at all.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>The <literal>-p</literal> option means that you want to convert a
      path-style string rather than a single filename. For example, the PATH
      environment variable is semicolon-delimited in Windows, but
      colon-delimited in UNIX. By giving <literal>-p</literal> you are
      instructing <command>cygpath</command> to convert between these
      formats.</para>

    <para>The <literal>-i</literal> option supresses the print out of the usage
      message if no filename argument was given. It can be used in make file
      rules converting variables that may be omitted to a proper format. Note
      that <command>cygpath</command> output may contain spaces (C:\Program
      Files) so should be enclosed in quotes. </para>


    <example id="utils-cygpath-ex">
      <title>Example <command>cygpath</command> usage</title>
      <screen>
<![CDATA[
#!/bin/sh
if [ "${1}" = "" ];
	then
		XPATH=".";
	else
		XPATH="$(cygpath -C ANSI -w "${1}")";
fi
explorer $XPATH &
]]>
</screen>
    </example>

    <para>The capital options <literal>-D</literal>, <literal>-H</literal>,
      <literal>-P</literal>, <literal>-S</literal>, and <literal>-W</literal>
      output directories used by Windows that are not the same on all systems,
      for example <literal>-S</literal> might output C:\WINNT\system32 or
      C:\Windows\System32. The <literal>-H</literal> shows the Windows profiles
      directory that can be used as root of home. The <literal>-A</literal>
      option forces use of the "All Users" directories instead of the current
      user for the <literal>-D</literal>, <literal>-O</literal> and
      <literal>-P</literal> options. The <literal>-F</literal> outputs other
      special folders specified by their internal numeric code (decimal or
      0x-prefixed hex). For valid codes and symbolic names, see the CSIDL_*
      definitions in the include file /usr/include/w32api/shlobj.h from package
      w32api. The current valid range of codes for folders is 0 (Desktop) to 59
      (CDBurn area). By default the output is in UNIX (POSIX) format; use the
      <literal>-w</literal> or <literal>-d</literal> options to get other
      formats.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="dumper">
    <title>dumper</title>

    <screen>
Usage: dumper [OPTION] FILENAME WIN32PID

Dump core from WIN32PID to FILENAME.core

-d, --verbose  be verbose while dumping
-h, --help     output help information and exit
-q, --quiet    be quiet while dumping (default)
-V, --version  output version information and exit
</screen>

    <para>The <command>dumper</command> utility can be used to create a core
      dump of running Windows process. This core dump can be later loaded to
      <command>gdb</command> and analyzed. One common way to use
      <command>dumper</command> is to plug it into cygwin's Just-In-Time
      debugging facility by adding
      <screen>
error_start=x:\path\to\dumper.exe
</screen> to the
      <emphasis>CYGWIN</emphasis> environment variable. Please note that
      <literal>x:\path\to\dumper.exe</literal> is Windows-style and not cygwin
      path. If <literal>error_start</literal> is set this way, then dumper will
      be started whenever some program encounters a fatal error. </para>

    <para> <command>dumper</command> can be also be started from the command
      line to create a core dump of any running process. Unfortunately, because
      of a Windows API limitation, when a core dump is created and
      <command>dumper</command> exits, the target process is terminated too. </para>

    <para> To save space in the core dump, <command>dumper</command> doesn't
      write those portions of target process' memory space that are loaded from
      executable and dll files and are unchangeable, such as program code and
      debug info. Instead, <command>dumper</command> saves paths to files which
      contain that data. When a core dump is loaded into gdb, it uses these
      paths to load appropriate files. That means that if you create a core
      dump on one machine and try to debug it on another, you'll need to place
      identical copies of the executable and dlls in the same directories as on
      the machine where the core dump was created. </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="getconf">
    <title>getconf</title>

    <screen>
Usage: getconf [-v specification] variable_name [pathname]
       getconf -a [pathname]

Get configuration values

  -v specification     Indicate specific version for which configuration
                       values shall be fetched.
  -a, --all            Print all known configuration values

Other options:

  -h, --help           This text
  -V, --version        Print program version and exit
</screen>

    <para>The <command>getconf</command> utility prints the value of the
      configuration variable specified by <literal>variable_name</literal>. If
      no <literal>pathname</literal> is given, <command>getconf</command>
      serves as a wrapper for the <literal>confstr</literal> and
      <literal>sysconf</literal> functions, supporting the symbolic constants
      defined in the <literal>limits.h</literal> and
      <literal>unistd.h</literal> headers, without their respective
      <literal>_CS_</literal> or <literal>_SC_</literal> prefixes. </para>

    <para>If <literal>pathname</literal> is given, <command>getconf</command>
      prints the value of the configuration variable for the specified
      pathname. In this form, <command>getconf</command> serves as a wrapper
      for the <literal>pathconf</literal> function, supporting the symbolic
      constants defined in the <literal>unistd.h</literal> header, without the
      <literal>_PC_</literal> prefix. </para>

    <para>If you specify the <literal>-v</literal> option, the parameter
      denotes a specification for which the value of the configuration variable
      should be printed. Note that the only specifications supported by Cygwin
      are <literal>POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG</literal> and the legacy
      <literal>POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG</literal> and
      <literal>XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG</literal> equivalents.</para>

    <para>Use the <literal>-a</literal> option to print a list of all available
      configuration variables for the system, or given
      <literal>pathname</literal>, and their values.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="getfacl">
    <title>getfacl</title>

    <screen>
Usage: getfacl [-adn] FILE [FILE2...]

Display file and directory access control lists (ACLs).

  -a, --all      display the filename, the owner, the group, and
                 the ACL of the file
  -d, --dir      display the filename, the owner, the group, and
                 the default ACL of the directory, if it exists
  -h, --help     output usage information and exit
  -n, --noname   display user and group IDs instead of names
  -V, --version  output version information and exit

When multiple files are specified on the command line, a blank
line separates the ACLs for each file.
</screen>

    <para> For each argument that is a regular file, special file or directory,
      <command>getfacl</command> displays the owner, the group, and the ACL.
      For directories <command>getfacl</command> displays additionally the
      default ACL. With no options specified, <command>getfacl</command>
      displays the filename, the owner, the group, and both the ACL and the
      default ACL, if it exists. For more information on Cygwin and Windows
      ACLs, see <xref linkend="ntsec"/> in the Cygwin User's Guide. The format
      for ACL output is as follows:
      <screen>
     # file: filename
     # owner: name or uid
     # group: name or uid
     user::perm
     user:name or uid:perm
     group::perm
     group:name or gid:perm
     mask:perm
     other:perm
     default:user::perm
     default:user:name or uid:perm
     default:group::perm
     default:group:name or gid:perm
     default:mask:perm
     default:other:perm
</screen>
    </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="kill">
    <title>kill</title>

    <screen>
Usage: kill [-f] [-signal] [-s signal] pid1 [pid2 ...]
       kill -l [signal]

Send signals to processes

 -f, --force     force, using win32 interface if necessary
 -l, --list      print a list of signal names
 -s, --signal    send signal (use kill --list for a list)
 -h, --help      output usage information and exit
 -V, --version   output version information and exit
</screen>

    <para>The <command>kill</command> program allows you to send arbitrary
      signals to other Cygwin programs. The usual purpose is to end a running
      program from some other window when ^C won't work, but you can also send
      program-specified signals such as SIGUSR1 to trigger actions within the
      program, like enabling debugging or re-opening log files. Each program
      defines the signals they understand.</para>

    <para>You may need to specify the full path to use <command>kill</command>
      from within some shells, including <command>bash</command>, the default
      Cygwin shell. This is because <command>bash</command> defines a
      <command>kill</command> builtin function; see the <command>bash</command>
      man page under <emphasis>BUILTIN COMMANDS</emphasis> for more
      information. To make sure you are using the Cygwin version, try
      <screen>
$ /bin/kill --version
</screen> which should give the Cygwin
      <command>kill</command> version number and copyright information. </para>

    <para>Unless you specific the <literal>-f</literal> option, the "pid"
      values used by <command>kill</command> are the Cygwin pids, not the
      Windows pids. To get a list of running programs and their Cygwin pids,
      use the Cygwin <command>ps</command> program. <command>ps -W</command>
      will display <emphasis>all</emphasis> windows pids.</para>

    <para>The <command>kill -l</command> option prints the name of the given
      signal, or a list of all signal names if no signal is given.</para>

    <para>To send a specific signal, use the <literal>-signN</literal> option,
      either with a signal number or a signal name (minus the "SIG" part), as
      shown in these examples:</para>

    <example id="utils-kill-ex">
      <title>Using the kill command</title>
      <screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>kill 123</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>kill -1 123</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>kill -HUP 123</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>kill -f 123</userinput>
</screen>
    </example>

    <para>Here is a list of available signals, their numbers, and some
      commentary on them, from the file
      <literal>&lt;sys/signal.h&gt;</literal>, which should be considered the
      official source of this information.</para>

    <screen>
SIGHUP       1    hangup
SIGINT       2    interrupt
SIGQUIT      3    quit
SIGILL       4    illegal instruction (not reset when caught)
SIGTRAP      5    trace trap (not reset when caught)
SIGABRT      6    used by abort
SIGEMT       7    EMT instruction
SIGFPE       8    floating point exception
SIGKILL      9    kill (cannot be caught or ignored)
SIGBUS      10    bus error
SIGSEGV     11    segmentation violation
SIGSYS      12    bad argument to system call
SIGPIPE     13    write on a pipe with no one to read it
SIGALRM     14    alarm clock
SIGTERM     15    software termination signal from kill
SIGURG      16    urgent condition on IO channel
SIGSTOP     17    sendable stop signal not from tty
SIGTSTP     18    stop signal from tty
SIGCONT     19    continue a stopped process
SIGCHLD     20    to parent on child stop or exit
SIGCLD      20    System V name for SIGCHLD
SIGTTIN     21    to readers pgrp upon background tty read
SIGTTOU     22    like TTIN for output if (tp-&gt;t_local&amp;LTOSTOP)
SIGIO       23    input/output possible
SIGPOLL     23    System V name for SIGIO
SIGXCPU     24    exceeded CPU time limit
SIGXFSZ     25    exceeded file size limit
SIGVTALRM   26    virtual time alarm
SIGPROF     27    profiling time alarm
SIGWINCH    28    window changed
SIGLOST     29    resource lost (eg, record-lock lost)
SIGPWR      29    power failure
SIGUSR1     30    user defined signal 1
SIGUSR2     31    user defined signal 2
</screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="ldd">
    <title>ldd</title>

    <screen>
Usage: ldd [OPTION]... FILE...

Print shared library dependencies

  -h, --help              print this help and exit
  -V, --version           print version information and exit
  -r, --function-relocs   process data and function relocations
                          (currently unimplemented)
  -u, --unused            print unused direct dependencies
                          (currently unimplemented)
  -v, --verbose           print all information
                          (currently unimplemented)
</screen>

    <para><command>ldd</command> prints the shared libraries (DLLs) an
      executable or DLL is linked against. No modifying option is implemented
      yet.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="locale">
    <title>locale</title>

    <screen>
Usage: locale [-amvhV]
   or: locale [-ck] NAME
   or: locale [-usfnU]

Get locale-specific information.

System information:

  -a, --all-locales    List all available supported locales
  -m, --charmaps       List all available character maps
  -v, --verbose        More verbose output

Modify output format:

  -c, --category-name  List information about given category NAME
  -k, --keyword-name   Print information about given keyword NAME

Default locale information:

  -u, --user           Print locale of user's default UI language
  -s, --system         Print locale of system default UI language
  -f, --format         Print locale of user's regional format settings
                       (time, numeric &amp; monetary)
  -n, --no-unicode     Print system default locale for non-Unicode programs
  -U, --utf            Attach \".UTF-8\" to the result

Other options:

  -h, --help           This text
  -V, --version        Print program version and exit
</screen>

    <para><command>locale</command> without parameters prints information about
      the current locale environment settings.</para>

    <para>The <literal>-u</literal>, <literal>-s</literal>,
      <literal>-f</literal>, and <literal>-n</literal> options can be used to
      request the various Windows locale settings. The purpose is to use this
      command in scripts to set the POSIX locale variables.</para>

    <para>The <literal>-u</literal> option prints the current user's Windows UI
      locale to stdout. In Windows Vista and Windows 7 this setting is called
      the "Display Language"; there was no corresponding user setting in
      Windows XP. The <literal>-s</literal> option prints the systems default
      instead. The <literal>-f</literal> option prints the user's setting for
      time, date, number and currency. That's equivalent to the setting in the
      "Formats" or "Regional Options" tab in the "Region and Language" or
      "Regional and Language Options" dialog. With the <literal>-U</literal>
      option <command>locale</command> appends a ".UTF-8".</para>

    <para>Usage example:</para>

    <screen>
bash$ export LANG=$(locale -uU)
bash$ echo $LANG
en_US.UTF-8
bash$ export LC_TIME=$(locale -fU)
bash$ echo $LC_TIME
de_DE.UTF-8
</screen>

    <para>The <literal>-a</literal> option is helpful to learn which locales
      are supported by your Windows machine. It prints all available locales
      and the allowed modifiers. Example:</para>

    <screen>
bash$ locale -a
C
C.utf8
POSIX
af_ZA
af_ZA.utf8
am_ET
am_ET.utf8
...
be_BY
be_BY.utf8
be_BY@latin
...
ca_ES
ca_ES.utf8
ca_ES@euro
catalan
...
</screen>

    <para>The <literal>-v</literal> option prints more detailed information
      about each available locale. Example:</para>

    <screen>
bash$ locale -av
locale: af_ZA           archive: /cygdrive/c/Windows/system32/kernel32.dll
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 language | Afrikaans
territory | South Africa
  codeset | ISO-8859-1

locale: af_ZA.utf8      archive: /cygdrive/c/Windows/system32/kernel32.dll
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 language | Afrikaans
territory | South Africa
  codeset | UTF-8

...

locale: ca_ES@euro      archive: /cygdrive/c/Windows/system32/kernel32.dll
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 language | Catalan
territory | Spain
  codeset | ISO-8859-15

locale: catalan         archive: /usr/share/locale/locale.alias
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 language | Catalan
territory | Spain
  codeset | ISO-8859-1

...
</screen>

    <para>The <literal>-m</literal> option prints the names of the available
      charmaps supported by Cygwin to stdout.</para>

    <para>Otherwise, if arguments are given, <command>locale</command> prints
      the values assigned to these arguments. Arguments can be names of locale
      categories (for instance: LC_CTYPE, LC_MONETARY), or names of keywords
      supported in the locale categories (for instance: thousands_sep,
      charmap). The <literal>-c</literal> option prints additionally the name
      of the category. The <literal>-k</literal> option prints additionally the
      name of the keyword. Example:</para>

    <screen>
bash$ locale -ck LC_MESSAGES
LC_MESSAGES
yesexpr="^[yY]"
noexpr="^[nN]"
yesstr="yes"
nostr="no"
messages-codeset="UTF-8"
bash$ locale noexpr
^[nN]
</screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="mkgroup">
    <title>mkgroup</title>

    <screen>
Usage: mkgroup [OPTION]...

Print /etc/group file to stdout

Options:

   -l,--local [machine[,offset]]
                           print local groups with gid offset offset
                           (from local machine if no machine specified)
   -L,--Local [machine[,offset]]
                           ditto, but generate groupname with machine prefix
   -d,--domain [domain[,offset]]
                           print domain groups with gid offset offset
                           (from current domain if no domain specified)
   -D,--Domain [domain[,offset]]
                           ditto, but generate groupname with machine prefix
   -c,--current            print current group
   -C,--Current            ditto, but generate groupname with machine or
                           domain prefix
   -S,--separator char     for -L, -D, -C use character char as domain\group
                           separator in groupname instead of the default '\'
   -o,--id-offset offset   change the default offset (10000) added to gids
                           in domain or foreign server accounts.
   -g,--group groupname    only return information for the specified group
                           one of -l, -L, -d, -D must be specified, too
   -b,--no-builtin         don't print BUILTIN groups
   -U,--unix grouplist     additionally print UNIX groups when using -l or -L
                           on a UNIX Samba server
                           grouplist is a comma-separated list of groupnames
                           or gid ranges (root,-25,50-100).
			   (enumerating large ranges can take a long time!)
   -s,--no-sids            (ignored)
   -u,--users              (ignored)
   -h,--help               print this message
   -V,--version            print version information and exit

Default is to print local groups on stand-alone machines, plus domain
groups on domain controllers and domain member machines.
</screen>

    <para>The <command>mkgroup</command> program can be used to help configure
      Cygwin by creating a <filename>/etc/group</filename> file. Its use is
      essential to include Windows security information.</para>

    <para>The command is initially called by <command>setup.exe</command> to
      create a default <filename>/etc/group</filename>. This should be
      sufficient in most circumstances. However, especially when working in a
      multi-domain environment, you can use <command>mkgroup</command> manually
      to create a more complete <filename>/etc/group</filename> file for all
      domains. Especially when you have the same group name used on multiple
      machines or in multiple domains, you can use the <literal>-D</literal>,
      <literal>-L</literal> and <literal>-C</literal> options to create unique
      domain\group style groupnames.</para>

    <para>Note that this information is static. If you change the group
      information in your system, you'll need to regenerate the group file for
      it to have the new information.</para>

    <para>The <literal>-d/-D</literal> and <literal>-l/-L</literal> options
      allow you to specify where the information comes from, the local SAM of a
      machine or from the domain, or both. With the <literal>-d/-D</literal>
      options the program contacts a Domain Controller, which my be unreachable
      or have restricted access. Comma-separated from the machine or domain,
      you can specify an offset which is used as base added to the group's RID
      to compute the gid (offset + RID = gid). This allows you to create the
      same gids every time you re-run <command>mkgroup</command>. For very
      simple needs, an entry for the current user's group can be created by
      using the option <literal>-c</literal> or <literal>-C</literal>. If you
      want to use one of the <literal>-D</literal>, <literal>-L</literal> or
      <literal>-C</literal> options, but you don't like the backslash as
      domain/group separator, you can specify another separator using the
      <literal>-S</literal> option, for instance:</para>

    <example id="utils-mkgroup-ex">
      <title>Setting up group entry for current user with different
        domain/group separator</title>
      <screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mkgroup -C -S+ &gt; /etc/group</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>cat /etc/group</userinput>
DOMAIN+my_group:S-1-5-21-2913048732-1697188782-3448811101-1144:11144:
</screen>
    </example>

    <para>The <literal>-o</literal> option allows for special cases (such as
      multiple domains) where the GIDs might match otherwise. The
      <literal>-g</literal> option only prints the information for one group.
      The <literal>-U</literal> option allows you to enumerate the standard
      UNIX groups on a Samba machine. It's used together with <literal>-l
      samba-server</literal> or <literal>-L samba-server</literal>. The normal
      UNIX groups are usually not enumerated, but they can show up as a group
      in <command>ls -l</command> output. </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="mkpasswd">
    <title>mkpasswd</title>

    <screen>
Usage: mkpasswd [OPTIONS]...

Print /etc/passwd file to stdout

Options:

   -l,--local [machine[,offset]]
                           print local user accounts with uid offset offset
                           (from local machine if no machine specified)
   -L,--Local [machine[,offset]]
                           ditto, but generate username with machine prefix
   -d,--domain [domain[,offset]]
                           print domain accounts with uid offset offset
                           (from current domain if no domain specified)
   -D,--Domain [domain[,offset]]
                           ditto, but generate username with domain prefix
   -c,--current            print current user
   -C,--Current            ditto, but generate username with machine or
                           domain prefix
   -S,--separator char     for -L, -D, -C use character char as domain\user
                           separator in username instead of the default '\'
   -o,--id-offset offset   change the default offset (10000) added to uids
                           in domain or foreign server accounts.
   -u,--username username  only return information for the specified user
                           one of -l, -L, -d, -D must be specified, too
   -p,--path-to-home path  use specified path instead of user account home dir
                           or /home prefix
   -U,--unix userlist      additionally print UNIX users when using -l or -L\
                           on a UNIX Samba server
                           userlist is a comma-separated list of usernames
                           or uid ranges (root,-25,50-100).
                           (enumerating large ranges can take a long time!)
   -s,--no-sids            (ignored)
   -m,--no-mount           (ignored)
   -g,--local-groups       (ignored)
   -h,--help               displays this message
   -V,--version            version information and exit

Default is to print local accounts on stand-alone machines, domain accounts
on domain controllers and domain member machines.
</screen>

    <para>The <command>mkpasswd</command> program can be used to help configure
      Cygwin by creating a <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> from your system
      information. Its use is essential to include Windows security
      information. However, the actual passwords are determined by Windows, not
      by the content of <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>.</para>

    <para>The command is initially called by <command>setup.exe</command> to
      create a default <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>. This should be
      sufficient in most circumstances. However, especially when working in a
      multi-domain environment, you can use <command>mkpasswd</command>
      manually to create a more complete <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file
      for all domains. Especially when you have the same user name used on
      multiple machines or in multiple domains, you can use the
      <literal>-D</literal>, <literal>-L</literal> and <literal>-C</literal>
      options to create unique domain\user style usernames.</para>

    <para>Note that this information is static. If you change the user
      information in your system, you'll need to regenerate the passwd file for
      it to have the new information.</para>

    <para>The <literal>-d/-D</literal> and <literal>-l/-L</literal> options
      allow you to specify where the information comes from, the local machine
      or the domain (default or given), or both. With the
      <literal>-d/-D</literal> options the program contacts the Domain
      Controller, which may be unreachable or have restricted access.
      Comma-separated from the machine or domain, you can specify an offset
      which is used as base added to the user's RID to compute the uid (offset
      + RID = uid). This allows to create the same uids every time you re-run
      <command>mkpasswd</command>. An entry for the current user can be created
      by using the option <literal>-c</literal> or <literal>-C</literal>. If
      you want to use one of the <literal>-D</literal>, <literal>-L</literal>
      or <literal>-C</literal> options, but you don't like the backslash as
      domain/group separator, you can specify another separator using the
      <literal>-S</literal> option, similar to the <command>mkgroup</command>.
      The <literal>-o</literal> option allows for special cases (such as
      multiple domains) where the UIDs might match otherwise. The
      <literal>-p</literal> option causes <command>mkpasswd</command> to use
      the specified prefix instead of the account home dir or <literal>/home/
      </literal>. For example, this command: <example id="utils-althome-ex"
      ><title>Using an alternate home root</title>
      <screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mkpasswd -l -p "$(cygpath -H)" &gt; /etc/passwd</userinput>
</screen>
      </example> would put local users' home directories in the Windows
      'Profiles' directory. The <literal>-u</literal> option creates just an
      entry for the specified user. The <literal>-U</literal> option allows you
      to enumerate the standard UNIX users on a Samba machine. It's used
      together with <literal>-l samba-server</literal> or <literal>-L
      samba-server</literal>. The normal UNIX users are usually not enumerated,
      but they can show up as file owners in <command>ls -l</command> output. </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="mount">
    <title>mount</title>

    <screen>
Usage: mount [OPTION] [&lt;win32path&gt; &lt;posixpath&gt;]
       mount -a
       mount &lt;posixpath&gt;

Display information about mounted filesystems, or mount a filesystem

  -a, --all                     mount all filesystems mentioned in fstab
  -c, --change-cygdrive-prefix  change the cygdrive path prefix to &lt;posixpath&gt;
  -f, --force                   force mount, don't warn about missing mount
                                point directories
  -h, --help                    output usage information and exit
  -m, --mount-entries           write fstab entries to replicate mount points
                                and cygdrive prefixes
  -o, --options X[,X...]        specify mount options
  -p, --show-cygdrive-prefix    show user and/or system cygdrive path prefix
  -V, --version                 output version information and exit
</screen>

    <para>The <command>mount</command> program is used to map your drives and
      shares onto Cygwin's simulated POSIX directory tree, much like as is done
      by mount commands on typical UNIX systems. However, in contrast to mount
      points given in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>, mount points created or
      changed with <command>mount</command> are not persistent. They disappear
      immediately after the last process of the current user exited. Please see
      <xref linkend="mount-table"/> for more information on the concepts behind
      the Cygwin POSIX file system and strategies for using mounts. To remove
      mounts temporarily, use <command>umount</command></para>

    <sect3 id="utils-mount">
      <title>Using mount</title>

      <para>If you just type <command>mount</command> with no parameters, it
        will display the current mount table for you.</para>

      <example id="utils-mount-ex">
        <title>Displaying the current set of mount points</title>
        <screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount</userinput>
C:/cygwin/bin on /usr/bin type ntfs (binary)
C:/cygwin/lib on /usr/lib type ntfs (binary)
C:/cygwin on / type ntfs (binary)
C: on /mnt/c type ntfs (binary,user,noumount)
D: on /mnt/d type fat (binary,user,noumount)
</screen>
      </example>

      <para>In this example, c:/cygwin is the POSIX root and the D drive is
        mapped to <filename>/mnt/d</filename>. Note that in this case, the root
        mount is a system-wide mount point that is visible to all users running
        Cygwin programs, whereas the <filename>/mnt/d</filename> mount is only
        visible to the current user.</para>

      <para>The <command>mount</command> utility is also the mechanism for
        adding new mounts to the mount table in memory. The following example
        demonstrates how to mount the directory
        <filename>//pollux/home/joe/data</filename> to
        <filename>/data</filename> for the duration of the current session. </para>

      <example id="utils-mount-add-ex">
        <title>Adding mount points</title>
        <screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>ls /data</userinput>
ls: /data: No such file or directory
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount //pollux/home/joe/data /data</userinput>
mount: warning - /data does not exist!
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount</userinput>
//pollux/home/joe/data on /data type smbfs (binary)
C:/cygwin/bin on /usr/bin type ntfs (binary)
C:/cygwin/lib on /usr/lib type ntfs (binary)
C:/cygwin on / type ntfs (binary)
C: on /c type ntfs (binary,user,noumount)
D: on /d type fat (binary,user,noumount)
</screen>
      </example>

      <para>A given POSIX path may only exist once in the mount table. Attempts
        to replace the mount will fail with a busy error. The
        <literal>-f</literal> (force) option causes the old mount to be
        silently replaced with the new one, provided the old mount point was a
        user mount point. It's not valid to replace system-wide mount points.
        Additionally, the <literal>-f</literal> option will silence warnings
        about the non-existence of directories at the Win32 path
        location.</para>

      <para> The <literal>-o</literal> option is the method via which various
        options about the mount point may be recorded. The following options
        are available (note that most of the options are duplicates of other
        mount flags):</para>

      <screen>
  acl        - Use the filesystem's access control lists (ACLs) to
               implement real POSIX permissions (default).
  binary     - Files default to binary mode (default).
  bind       - Allows to remount part of the file hierarchy somewhere else.
               Different from other mount calls, the first argument 
	       specifies an absolute POSIX path, rather than a Win32 path.
	       This POSIX path is remounted to the POSIX path specified as
	       the second parameter.  The conversion to a Win32 path is done
	       within Cygwin immediately at the time of the call.  Note that
	       symlinks are ignored while performing this path conversion.
  cygexec    - Treat all files below mount point as cygwin executables.
  dos        - Always convert leading spaces and trailing dots and spaces to
	       characters in the UNICODE private use area.  This allows to use
	       broken filesystems which only allow DOS filenames, even if they
	       are not recognized as such by Cygwin.
  exec       - Treat all files below mount point as executable.
  ihash      - Always fake inode numbers rather than using the ones returned
	       by the filesystem.  This allows to use broken filesystems which
	       don't return unambiguous inode numbers, even if they are not
	       recognized as such by Cygwin.
  noacl      - Ignore ACLs and fake POSIX permissions.
  nosuid     - No suid files are allowed (currently unimplemented)
  notexec    - Treat all files below mount point as not executable.
  override   - Override immutable mount points.
  posix=0    - Switch off case sensitivity for paths under this mount point.
  posix=1    - Switch on case sensitivity for paths under this mount point
               (default).
  sparse     - Switch on support for sparse files.  This option only makes
	       sense on NTFS and then only if you really need sparse files.
  text       - Files default to CRLF text mode line endings.
</screen>

      <para>For a more complete description of the mount options and the
        <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file, see <xref linkend="mount-table"
        />.</para>

      <para>Note that all mount points added with <command>mount</command> are
        user mount points. System mount points can only be specified in the
        <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> file.</para>

      <para>If you added mount points to <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> or
        your <filename>/etc/fstab.d/&lt;username&gt;</filename> file, you can
        add these mount points to your current user session using the
        <literal>-a/--all</literal> option, or by specifing the posix path
        alone on the command line. As an example, consider you added a mount
        point with the POSIX path <filename>/my/mount</filename>. You can add
        this mount point with either one of the following two commands to your
        current user session.</para>

      <screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount /my/mount</userinput>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount -a</userinput>
</screen>

      <para>The first command just adds the <filename>/my/mount</filename>
        mount point to your current session, the <command>mount -a</command>
        adds all new mount points to your user session.</para>

      <para>If you change a mount point to point to another native path, or if
        you changed the flags of a mount point, you have to
        <command>umount</command> the mount point first, before you can add it
        again. Please note that all such added mount points are added as user
        mount points, and that the rule that system mount points can't be
        removed or replaced in a running session still applies.</para>

      <para>To bind a POSIX path to another POSIX path, use the
        <literal>bind</literal> mount flag.</para>

      <screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount -o bind /var /usr/var</userinput>
</screen>

      <para>This command makes the file hirarchy under
        <filename>/var</filename> additionally available under
        <filename>/usr/var</filename>.</para>

      <para> The <literal>-m</literal> option causes the
        <command>mount</command> utility to output the current mount table in a
        series of fstab entries. You can save this output as a backup when
        experimenting with the mount table. Copy the output to
        <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> to restore the old state. It also makes
        moving your settings to a different machine much easier.</para>

    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="utils-cygdrive">
      <title>Cygdrive mount points</title>

      <para>Whenever Cygwin cannot use any of the existing mounts to convert
        from a particular Win32 path to a POSIX one, Cygwin will, instead,
        convert to a POSIX path using a default mount point:
        <filename>/cygdrive</filename>. For example, if Cygwin accesses
        <filename>z:\foo</filename> and the z drive is not currently in the
        mount table, then <filename>z:\</filename> will be accessible as
        <filename>/cygdrive/z</filename>. The <command>mount</command> utility
        can be used to change this default automount prefix through the use of
        the "--change-cygdrive-prefix" option. In the following example, we
        will set the automount prefix to <filename>/mnt</filename>:</para>

      <example id="utils-cygdrive-ex">
        <title>Changing the default prefix</title>
        <screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount --change-cygdrive-prefix /mnt</userinput>
</screen>
      </example>

      <para>Note that the cygdrive prefix can be set both per-user and
        system-wide, and that as with all mounts, a user-specific mount takes
        precedence over the system-wide setting. The <command>mount</command>
        utility creates system-wide mounts by default if you do not specify a
        type. You can always see the user and system cygdrive prefixes with the
        <literal>-p</literal> option. Using the <literal>--options</literal>
        flag with <literal>--change-cygdrive-prefix</literal> makes all new
        automounted filesystems default to this set of options. For instance
        (using the short form of the command line flags)</para>

      <example id="utils-cygdrive-ex2">
        <title>Changing the default prefix with specific mount options</title>
        <screen>
<prompt>$</prompt> <userinput>mount -c /mnt -o binary,noacl</userinput>
</screen>
      </example>


    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="utils-limitations">
      <title>Limitations</title>

      <para>Limitations: there is a hard-coded limit of 64 mount points (up to
        Cygwin 1.7.9: 30 mount points). Also, although you can mount to
        pathnames that do not start with "/", there is no way to make use of
        such mount points.</para>

      <para>Normally the POSIX mount point in Cygwin is an existing empty
        directory, as in standard UNIX. If this is the case, or if there is a
        place-holder for the mount point (such as a file, a symbolic link
        pointing anywhere, or a non-empty directory), you will get the expected
        behavior. Files present in a mount point directory before the mount
        become invisible to Cygwin programs. </para>

      <para>It is sometimes desirable to mount to a non-existent directory, for
        example to avoid cluttering the root directory with names such as
        <filename>a</filename>, <filename>b</filename>, <filename>c</filename>
        pointing to disks. Although <command>mount</command> will give you a
        warning, most everything will work properly when you refer to the mount
        point explicitly. Some strange effects can occur however. For example
        if your current working directory is <filename>/dir</filename>, say,
        and <filename>/dir/mtpt</filename> is a mount point, then
        <filename>mtpt</filename> will not show up in an <command>ls</command>
        or <command>echo *</command> command and <command>find .</command> will
        not find <filename>mtpt</filename>. </para>

    </sect3>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="passwd">
    <title>passwd</title>

    <screen>
Usage: passwd [OPTION] [USER]

Change USER's password or password attributes.

User operations:
  -l, --lock               lock USER's account.
  -u, --unlock             unlock USER's account.
  -c, --cannot-change      USER can't change password.
  -C, --can-change         USER can change password.
  -e, --never-expires      USER's password never expires.
  -E, --expires            USER's password expires according to system's
                           password aging rule.
  -p, --pwd-not-required   no password required for USER.
  -P, --pwd-required       password is required for USER.
  -R, --reg-store-pwd      enter password to store it in the registry for
                           later usage by services to be able to switch
                           to this user context with network credentials.

System operations:
  -i, --inactive NUM       set NUM of days before inactive accounts are disabled
                           (inactive accounts are those with expired passwords).
  -n, --minage DAYS        set system minimum password age to DAYS days.
  -x, --maxage DAYS        set system maximum password age to DAYS days.
  -L, --length LEN         set system minimum password length to LEN.

Other options:
  -d, --logonserver SERVER connect to SERVER (e.g. domain controller).
                           Default server is the local system, unless
                           changing the current user, in which case the
                           default is the content of $LOGONSERVER.
  -S, --status             display password status for USER (locked, expired,
                           etc.) plus global system password settings.
  -h, --help               output usage information and exit.
  -V, --version            output version information and exit.

If no option is given, change USER's password.  If no user name is given,
operate on current user.  System operations must not be mixed with user
operations.  Don't specify a USER when triggering a system operation. 

Don't specify a user or any other option together with the -R option.
Non-Admin users can only store their password if cygserver is running.
Note that storing even obfuscated passwords in the registry is not overly
secure.  Use this feature only if the machine is adequately locked down.
Don't use this feature if you don't need network access within a remote
session.  You can delete your stored password by using `passwd -R' and
specifying an empty password.
</screen>

    <para> <command>passwd</command> changes passwords for user accounts. A
      normal user may only change the password for their own account, but
      administrators may change passwords on any account.
      <command>passwd</command> also changes account information, such as
      password expiry dates and intervals.</para>

    <para>For password changes, the user is first prompted for their old
      password, if one is present. This password is then encrypted and compared
      against the stored password. The user has only one chance to enter the
      correct password. The administrators are permitted to bypass this step so
      that forgotten passwords may be changed.</para>

    <para>The user is then prompted for a replacement password.
      <command>passwd</command> will prompt twice for this replacement and
      compare the second entry against the first. Both entries are required to
      match in order for the password to be changed.</para>

    <para>After the password has been entered, password aging information is
      checked to see if the user is permitted to change their password at this
      time. If not, <command>passwd</command> refuses to change the password
      and exits.</para>

    <para> To get current password status information, use the
      <literal>-S</literal> option. Administrators can use
      <command>passwd</command> to perform several account maintenance
      functions (users may perform some of these functions on their own
      accounts). Accounts may be locked with the <literal>-l</literal> flag and
      unlocked with the <literal>-u</literal> flag. Similarly,
      <literal>-c</literal> disables a user's ability to change passwords, and
      <literal>-C</literal> allows a user to change passwords. For password
      expiry, the <literal>-e</literal> option disables expiration, while the
      <literal>-E</literal> option causes the password to expire according to
      the system's normal aging rules. Use <literal>-p</literal> to disable the
      password requirement for a user, or <literal>-P</literal> to require a
      password. </para>

    <para>Administrators can also use <command>passwd</command> to change
      system-wide password expiry and length requirements with the
      <literal>-i</literal>, <literal>-n</literal>, <literal>-x</literal>, and
      <literal>-L</literal> options. The <literal>-i</literal> option is used
      to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of
      days. After a user account has had an expired password for
      <emphasis>NUM</emphasis> days, the user may no longer sign on to the
      account. The <literal>-n</literal> option is used to set the minimum
      number of days before a password may be changed. The user will not be
      permitted to change the password until <emphasis>MINDAYS</emphasis> days
      have elapsed. The <literal>-x</literal> option is used to set the maximum
      number of days a password remains valid. After
      <emphasis>MAXDAYS</emphasis> days, the password is required to be
      changed. Allowed values for the above options are 0 to 999. The
      <literal>-L</literal> option sets the minimum length of allowed passwords
      for users who don't belong to the administrators group to
      <emphasis>LEN</emphasis> characters. Allowed values for the minimum
      password length are 0 to 14. In any of the above cases, a value of 0
      means `no restrictions'.</para>

    <para> All operations affecting the current user are by default run against
      the logon server of the current user (taken from the environment variable
      <envar>LOGONSERVER</envar>. When password or account information of other
      users should be changed, the default server is the local system. To
      change a user account on a remote machine, use the <literal>-d</literal>
      option to specify the machine to run the command against. Note that the
      current user must be a valid member of the administrators group on the
      remote machine to perform such actions. </para>

    <para>Users can use the <command>passwd -R</command> to enter a password
      which then gets stored in a special area of the registry on the local
      system, which is also used by Windows to store passwords of accounts
      running Windows services. When a privileged Cygwin application calls the
      <command>set{e}uid(user_id)</command> system call, Cygwin checks if a
      password for that user has been stored in this registry area. If so, it
      uses this password to switch to this user account using that password.
      This allows you to logon through, for instance, <command>ssh</command>
      with public key authentication and get a full qualified user token with
      all credentials for network access. However, the method has some
      drawbacks security-wise. This is explained in more detail in <xref
      linkend="ntsec"/>.</para>

    <para>Please note that storing passwords in that registry area is a
      privileged operation which only administrative accounts are allowed to
      do. Administrators can enter the password for other user accounts into
      the registry by specifying the username on the commandline. If normal,
      non-admin users should be allowed to enter their passwords using
      <command>passwd -R</command>, it's required to run
      <command>cygserver</command> as a service under the LocalSystem account
      before running <command>passwd -R</command>. This only affects storing
      passwords. Using passwords in privileged processes does not require
      <command>cygserver</command> to run.</para>

    <para>Limitations: Users may not be able to change their password on some
      systems.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="pldd">
    <title>pldd</title>

    <screen>
Usage: pldd [OPTION...] PID

List dynamic shared objects loaded into a process.

  -?, --help                 Give this help list
      --usage                Give a short usage message
  -V, --version              Print program version
</screen>

    <para><command>pldd</command> prints the shared libraries (DLLs) loaded by
      the process with the given PID.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="ps">
    <title>ps</title>

    <screen>
Usage: ps [-aefls] [-u UID]

Report process status

 -a, --all       show processes of all users
 -e, --everyone  show processes of all users
 -f, --full      show process uids, ppids
 -h, --help      output usage information and exit
 -l, --long      show process uids, ppids, pgids, winpids
 -p, --process   show information for specified PID
 -s, --summary   show process summary
 -u, --user      list processes owned by UID
 -V, --version   output version information and exit
 -W, --windows   show windows as well as cygwin processes
With no options, ps outputs the long format by default
</screen>

    <para>The <command>ps</command> program gives the status of all the Cygwin
      processes running on the system (ps = "process status"). Due to the
      limitations of simulating a POSIX environment under Windows, there is
      little information to give. </para>

    <para> The PID column is the process ID you need to give to the
      <command>kill</command> command. The PPID is the parent process ID, and
      PGID is the process group ID. The WINPID column is the process ID
      displayed by NT's Task Manager program. The TTY column gives which
      pseudo-terminal a process is running on, or a <literal>'?'</literal> for
      services. The UID column shows which user owns each process. STIME is the
      time the process was started, and COMMAND gives the name of the program
      running. Listings may also have a status flag in column zero;
      <literal>S</literal> means stopped or suspended (in other words, in the
      background), <literal>I</literal> means waiting for input or interactive
      (foreground), and <literal>O</literal> means waiting to output. </para>

    <para> By default, <command>ps</command> will only show processes owned by
      the current user. With either the <literal>-a</literal> or
      <literal>-e</literal> option, all user's processes (and system processes)
      are listed. There are historical UNIX reasons for the synonomous options,
      which are functionally identical. The <literal>-f</literal> option
      outputs a "full" listing with usernames for UIDs. The
      <literal>-l</literal> option is the default display mode, showing a
      "long" listing with all the above columns. The other display option is
      <literal>-s</literal>, which outputs a shorter listing of just PID, TTY,
      STIME, and COMMAND. The <literal>-u</literal> option allows you to show
      only processes owned by a specific user. The <literal>-p</literal> option
      allows you to show information for only the process with the specified
      PID. The <literal>-W</literal> option causes <command>ps</command> show
      non-Cygwin Windows processes as well as Cygwin processes. The WINPID is
      also the PID, and they can be killed with the Cygwin
      <command>kill</command> command's <literal>-f</literal> option. </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="regtool">
    <title>regtool</title>

    <screen>
Usage: regtool [OPTION] (add|check|get|list|remove|unset|load|unload|save) KEY

View or edit the Win32 registry

Actions:

 add KEY\SUBKEY             add new SUBKEY
 check KEY                  exit 0 if KEY exists, 1 if not
 get KEY\VALUE              prints VALUE to stdout
 list KEY                   list SUBKEYs and VALUEs
 remove KEY                 remove KEY
 set KEY\VALUE [data ...]   set VALUE
 unset KEY\VALUE            removes VALUE from KEY
 load KEY\SUBKEY PATH       load hive from PATH into new SUBKEY
 unload KEY\SUBKEY          unload hive and remove SUBKEY
 save KEY\SUBKEY PATH       save SUBKEY into new hive PATH

Options for 'list' Action:

 -k, --keys           print only KEYs
 -l, --list           print only VALUEs
 -p, --postfix        like ls -p, appends '\' postfix to KEY names

Options for 'get' Action:

 -b, --binary         print REG_BINARY data as hex bytes
 -n, --none           print data as stream of bytes as stored in registry
 -x, --hex            print numerical data as hex numbers

Options for 'set' Action:

 -b, --binary         set type to REG_BINARY (hex args or '-')
 -D, --dword-be       set type to REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN
 -e, --expand-string  set type to REG_EXPAND_SZ
 -i, --integer        set type to REG_DWORD
 -m, --multi-string   set type to REG_MULTI_SZ
 -n, --none           set type to REG_NONE
 -Q, --qword          set type to REG_QWORD
 -s, --string         set type to REG_SZ

Options for 'set' and 'unset' Actions:

 -K&lt;c&gt;, --key-separator[=]&lt;c&gt;  set key separator to &lt;c&gt; instead of '\'

Other Options:

 -h, --help     output usage information and exit
 -q, --quiet    no error output, just nonzero return if KEY/VALUE missing
 -v, --verbose  verbose output, including VALUE contents when applicable
 -w, --wow64    access 64 bit registry view (ignored on 32 bit Windows)
 -W, --wow32    access 32 bit registry view (ignored on 32 bit Windows)
 -V, --version  output version information and exit

KEY is in the format [host]\prefix\KEY\KEY\VALUE, where host is optional
remote host in either \\hostname or hostname: format and prefix is any of:
  root     HKCR  HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (local only)
  config   HKCC  HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG (local only)
  user     HKCU  HKEY_CURRENT_USER (local only)
  machine  HKLM  HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
  users    HKU   HKEY_USERS

You can use forward slash ('/') as a separator instead of backslash, in
that case backslash is treated as escape character
Example: regtool.exe get '\user\software\Microsoft\Clock\iFormat'
</screen>

    <para>The <command>regtool</command> program allows shell scripts to access
      and modify the Windows registry. Note that modifying the Windows registry
      is dangerous, and carelessness here can result in an unusable system. Be
      careful.</para>

    <para>The <literal>-v</literal> option means "verbose". For most commands,
      this causes additional or lengthier messages to be printed. Conversely,
      the <literal>-q</literal> option supresses error messages, so you can use
      the exit status of the program to detect if a key exists or not (for
      example).</para>

    <para>The <literal>-w</literal> option allows you to access the 64 bit view
      of the registry. Several subkeys exist in a 32 bit and a 64 bit version
      when running on Windows 64. Since Cygwin is running in 32 bit mode, it
      only has access to the 32 bit view of these registry keys. When using the
      <literal>-w</literal> switch, the 64 bit view is used and
      <command>regtool</command> can access the entire registry. This option is
      simply ignored when running on 32 bit Windows versions. </para>

    <para>The <literal>-W</literal> option allows you to access the 32 bit view
      on the registry. The purpose of this option is mainly for symmetry. It
      permits creation of OS agnostic scripts which would also work in a
      hypothetical 64 bit version of Cygwin.</para>

    <para>You must provide <command>regtool</command> with an
      <emphasis>action</emphasis> following options (if any). Currently, the
      action must be <literal>add</literal>, <literal>set</literal>,
      <literal>check</literal>, <literal>get</literal>,
      <literal>list</literal>, <literal>remove</literal>,
      <literal>set</literal>, or <literal>unset</literal>. </para>

    <para>The <literal>add</literal> action adds a new key. The
      <literal>check</literal> action checks to see if a key exists (the exit
      code of the program is zero if it does, nonzero if it does not). The
      <literal>get</literal> action gets the value of a key, and prints it (and
      nothing else) to stdout. Note: if the value doesn't exist, an error
      message is printed and the program returns a non-zero exit code. If you
      give <literal>-q</literal>, it doesn't print the message but does return
      the non-zero exit code.</para>

    <para> The <literal>list</literal> action lists the subkeys and values
      belonging to the given key. With <literal>list</literal>, the
      <literal>-k</literal> option instructs <command>regtool</command> to
      print only KEYs, and the <literal>-l</literal> option to print only
      VALUEs. The <literal>-p</literal> option postfixes a
      <literal>'/'</literal> to each KEY, but leave VALUEs with no postfix. The
      <literal>remove</literal> action removes a key. Note that you may need to
      remove everything in the key before you may remove it, but don't rely on
      this stopping you from accidentally removing too much. </para>

    <para>The <literal>get</literal> action prints a value within a key. With
      the <literal>-b</literal> option, data is printed as hex bytes.
      <literal>-n</literal> allows to print the data as a typeless stream of
      bytes. Integer values (REG_DWORD, REG_QWORD) are usually printed as
      decimal values. The <literal>-x</literal> option allows to print the
      numbers as hexadecimal values.</para>

    <para>The <literal>set</literal> action sets a value within a key.
      <literal>-b</literal> means it's binary data (REG_BINARY). The binary
      values are specified as hex bytes in the argument list. If the argument
      is <literal>'-'</literal>, binary data is read from stdin instead.
      <literal>-d</literal> or <literal>-i</literal> means the value is a 32
      bit integer value (REG_DWORD). <literal>-D</literal> means the value is a
      32 bit integer value in Big Endian representation (REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN).
      <literal>-Q</literal> means the value is a 64 bit integer value
      (REG_QWORD). <literal>-s</literal> means the value is a string (REG_SZ).
      <literal>-e</literal> means it's an expanding string (REG_EXPAND_SZ) that
      contains embedded environment variables. <literal>-m</literal> means it's
      a multi-string (REG_MULTI_SZ). If you don't specify one of these,
      <command>regtool</command> tries to guess the type based on the value you
      give. If it looks like a number, it's a DWORD, unless it's value doesn't
      fit into 32 bit, in which case it's a QWORD. If it starts with a percent,
      it's an expanding string. If you give multiple values, it's a
      multi-string. Else, it's a regular string.</para>

    <para>The <literal>unset</literal> action removes a value from a
      key.</para>

    <para>The <literal>load</literal> action adds a new subkey and loads the
      contents of a registry hive into it. The parent key must be
      HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE or HKEY_USERS. The <literal>unload</literal> action
      unloads the file and removes the subkey. </para>

    <para>The <literal>save</literal> action saves a subkey into a registry
      hive. </para>

    <para> By default, the last "\" or "/" is assumed to be the separator
      between the key and the value. You can use the <literal>-K</literal>
      option to provide an alternate key/value separator character. </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="setfacl">
    <title>setfacl</title>

    <screen>
Usage: setfacl [-r] (-f ACL_FILE | -s acl_entries) FILE...
       setfacl [-r] ([-d acl_entries] [-m acl_entries]) FILE...

Modify file and directory access control lists (ACLs)

  -d, --delete     delete one or more specified ACL entries
  -f, --file       set ACL entries for FILE to ACL entries read
                   from a ACL_FILE
  -m, --modify     modify one or more specified ACL entries
  -r, --replace    replace mask entry with maximum permissions
                   needed for the file group class
  -s, --substitute substitute specified ACL entries for the
                   ACL of FILE
  -h, --help       output usage information and exit
  -V, --version    output version information and exit

At least one of (-d, -f, -m, -s) must be specified
</screen>

    <para> For each file given as parameter, <command>setfacl</command> will
      either replace its complete ACL (<literal>-s</literal>,
      <literal>-f</literal>), or it will add, modify, or delete ACL entries.
      For more information on Cygwin and Windows ACLs, see see <xref
      linkend="ntsec"/> in the Cygwin User's Guide. </para>

    <para> Acl_entries are one or more comma-separated ACL entries from the
      following list:
      <screen>
         u[ser]::perm
         u[ser]:uid:perm
         g[roup]::perm
         g[roup]:gid:perm
         m[ask]::perm
         o[ther]::perm
</screen>
      Default entries are like the above with the additional default
      identifier. For example:
      <screen>
         d[efault]:u[ser]:uid:perm
</screen> </para>

    <para> <emphasis>perm</emphasis> is either a 3-char permissions string in
      the form "rwx" with the character <literal>'-'</literal> for no
      permission or it is the octal representation of the permissions, a value
      from 0 (equivalent to "---") to 7 ("rwx"). <emphasis>uid</emphasis> is a
      user name or a numerical uid. <emphasis>gid</emphasis> is a group name or
      a numerical gid. </para>

    <para> The following options are supported: </para>

    <para> <literal>-d</literal> Delete one or more specified entries from the
      file's ACL. The owner, group and others entries must not be deleted.
      Acl_entries to be deleted should be specified without permissions, as in
      the following list:
      <screen>
         u[ser]:uid
         g[roup]:gid
         d[efault]:u[ser]:uid
         d[efault]:g[roup]:gid
         d[efault]:m[ask]:
         d[efault]:o[ther]:
</screen> </para>

    <para> <literal>-f</literal> Take the Acl_entries from ACL_FILE one per
      line. Whitespace characters are ignored, and the character "#" may be
      used to start a comment. The special filename "-" indicates reading from
      stdin. Note that you can use this with <command>getfacl</command> and
      <command>setfacl</command> to copy ACLs from one file to another:
      <screen>
$ getfacl source_file | setfacl -f - target_file
</screen> </para>

    <para> Required entries are: one user entry for the owner of the file, one
      group entry for the group of the file, and one other entry. </para>

    <para> If additional user and group entries are given: a mask entry for the
      file group class of the file, and no duplicate user or group entries with
      the same uid/gid. </para>

    <para> If it is a directory: one default user entry for the owner of the
      file, one default group entry for the group of the file, one default mask
      entry for the file group class, and one default other entry. </para>

    <para> <literal>-m</literal> Add or modify one or more specified ACL
      entries. Acl_entries is a comma-separated list of entries from the same
      list as above. </para>

    <para> <literal>-r</literal> Causes the permissions specified in the mask
      entry to be ignored and replaced by the maximum permissions needed for
      the file group class. </para>

    <para> <literal>-s</literal> Like <literal>-f</literal>, but substitute the
      file's ACL with Acl_entries specified in a comma-separated list on the
      command line. </para>

    <para> While the <literal>-d</literal> and <literal>-m</literal> options
      may be used in the same command, the <literal>-f</literal> and
      <literal>-s</literal> options may be used only exclusively. </para>

    <para> Directories may contain default ACL entries. Files created in a
      directory that contains default ACL entries will have permissions
      according to the combination of the current umask, the explicit
      permissions requested and the default ACL entries </para>

    <para> Limitations: Under Cygwin, the default ACL entries are not taken
      into account currently. </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="setmetamode">
    <title>setmetamode</title>

    <screen>
Usage: setmetamode [metabit|escprefix]

Get or set keyboard meta mode

  Without argument, it shows the current meta key mode.
  metabit|meta|bit     The meta key sets the top bit of the character.
  escprefix|esc|prefix The meta key sends an escape prefix.

Other options:

  -h, --help           This text
  -V, --version        Print program version and exit
</screen>

    <para><command>setmetamode</command> can be used to determine and set the
      key code sent by the meta (aka <literal>Alt</literal>) key.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="ssp">
    <title>ssp</title>

    <screen>
Usage: ssp [options] low_pc high_pc command...

Single-step profile COMMAND

 -c, --console-trace  trace every EIP value to the console. *Lots* slower.
 -d, --disable        disable single-stepping by default; use
                      OutputDebugString ("ssp on") to enable stepping
 -e, --enable         enable single-stepping by default; use
                      OutputDebugString ("ssp off") to disable stepping
 -h, --help           output usage information and exit
 -l, --dll            enable dll profiling.  A chart of relative DLL usage
                      is produced after the run.
 -s, --sub-threads    trace sub-threads too.  Dangerous if you have
                      race conditions.
 -t, --trace-eip      trace every EIP value to a file TRACE.SSP.  This
                      gets big *fast*.
 -v, --verbose        output verbose messages about debug events.
 -V, --version        output version information and exit

Example: ssp 0x401000 0x403000 hello.exe
</screen>

    <para> SSP - The Single Step Profiler </para>

    <para> Original Author: DJ Delorie </para>

    <para> The SSP is a program that uses the Win32 debug API to run a program
      one ASM instruction at a time. It records the location of each
      instruction used, how many times that instruction is used, and all
      function calls. The results are saved in a format that is usable by the
      profiling program <command>gprof</command>, although
      <command>gprof</command> will claim the values are seconds, they really
      are instruction counts. More on that later. </para>

    <para> Because the SSP was originally designed to profile the Cygwin DLL,
      it does not automatically select a block of code to report statistics on.
      You must specify the range of memory addresses to keep track of manually,
      but it's not hard to figure out what to specify. Use the "objdump"
      program to determine the bounds of the target's ".text" section. Let's
      say we're profiling cygwin1.dll. Make sure you've built it with debug
      symbols (else <command>gprof</command> won't run) and run objdump like
      this: <screen>
$ objdump -h cygwin1.dll
</screen> It will print a report
      like this:
      <screen>
cygwin1.dll:     file format pei-i386

Sections:
Idx Name          Size      VMA       LMA       File off  Algn
  0 .text         0007ea00  61001000  61001000  00000400  2**2
                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE, DATA
  1 .data         00008000  61080000  61080000  0007ee00  2**2
                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
  . . .
</screen> </para>

    <para> The only information we're concerned with are the VMA of the .text
      section and the VMA of the section after it (sections are usually
      contiguous; you can also add the Size to the VMA to get the end address).
      In this case, the VMA is 0x61001000 and the ending address is either
      0x61080000 (start of .data method) or 0x0x6107fa00 (VMA+Size method). </para>

    <para> There are two basic ways to use SSP - either profiling a whole
      program, or selectively profiling parts of the program. </para>

    <para> To profile a whole program, just run <command>ssp</command> without
      options. By default, it will step the whole program. Here's a simple
      example, using the numbers above:
      <screen>
$ ssp 0x61001000 0x61080000 hello.exe
</screen> This will step
      the whole program. It will take at least 8 minutes on a PII/300 (yes,
      really). When it's done, it will create a file called "gmon.out". You can
      turn this data file into a readable report with <command>gprof</command>:
      <screen>
$ gprof -b cygwin1.dll
</screen> The "-b" means 'skip the help
      pages'. You can omit this until you're familiar with the report layout.
      The <command>gprof</command> documentation explains a lot about this
      report, but <command>ssp</command> changes a few things. For example, the
      first part of the report reports the amount of time spent in each
      function, like this:
      <screen>
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
  %   cumulative   self              self     total
 time   seconds   seconds    calls  ms/call  ms/call  name
 10.02    231.22    72.43       46  1574.57  1574.57  strcspn
  7.95    288.70    57.48      130   442.15   442.15  strncasematch
</screen>
      The "seconds" columns are really CPU opcodes, 1/100 second per opcode.
      So, "231.22" above means 23,122 opcodes. The ms/call values are 10x too
      big; 1574.57 means 157.457 opcodes per call. Similar adjustments need to
      be made for the "self" and "children" columns in the second part of the
      report. </para>

    <para> OK, so now we've got a huge report that took a long time to
      generate, and we've identified a spot we want to work on optimizing.
      Let's say it's the time() function. We can use SSP to selectively profile
      this function by using OutputDebugString() to control SSP from within the
      program. Here's a sample program:
      <screen>
	#include &lt;windows.h&gt;
	main()
	{
	  time_t t;
	  OutputDebugString("ssp on");
	  time(&amp;t);
	  OutputDebugString("ssp off");
	}
</screen> </para>

    <para> Then, add the <literal>-d</literal> option to ssp to default to
      *disabling* profiling. The program will run at full speed until the first
      OutputDebugString, then step until the second. You can then use
      <command>gprof</command> (as usual) to see the performance profile for
      just that portion of the program's execution. </para>

    <para> There are many options to ssp. Since step-profiling makes your
      program run about 1,000 times slower than normal, it's best to understand
      all the options so that you can narrow down the parts of your program you
      need to single-step. </para>

    <para> <literal>-v</literal> - verbose. This prints messages about threads
      starting and stopping, OutputDebugString calls, DLLs loading, etc. </para>

    <para> <literal>-t</literal> and <literal>-c</literal> - tracing. With
      <literal>-t</literal>, *every* step's address is written to the file
      "trace.ssp". This can be used to help debug functions, since it can trace
      multiple threads. Clever use of scripts can match addresses with
      disassembled opcodes if needed. Warning: creates *huge* files, very
      quickly. <literal>-c</literal> prints each address to the console, useful
      for debugging key chunks of assembler. Use <literal>addr2line -C -f -s -e
      foo.exe &lt; trace.ssp &gt; lines.ssp</literal> and then <literal>perl
      cvttrace</literal> to convert to symbolic traces. </para>

    <para> <literal>-s</literal> - subthreads. Usually, you only need to trace
      the main thread, but sometimes you need to trace all threads, so this
      enables that. It's also needed when you want to profile a function that
      only a subthread calls. However, using OutputDebugString automatically
      enables profiling on the thread that called it, not the main thread. </para>

    <para> <literal>-l</literal> - dll profiling. Generates a pretty table of
      how much time was spent in each dll the program used. No sense optimizing
      a function in your program if most of the time is spent in the DLL. I
      usually use the <literal>-v</literal>, <literal>-s</literal>, and
      <literal>-l</literal> options:
      <screen>
$ ssp <literal>-v</literal> <literal>-s</literal> <literal>-l</literal> <literal>-d</literal> 0x61001000 0x61080000 hello.exe
</screen>
    </para>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="strace">
    <title>strace</title>

    <screen>
Usage: strace.exe [OPTIONS] &lt;command-line&gt;
Usage: strace.exe [OPTIONS] -p &lt;pid&gt;

Trace system calls and signals

  -b, --buffer-size=SIZE       set size of output file buffer
  -d, --no-delta               don't display the delta-t microsecond timestamp
  -f, --trace-children         trace child processes (toggle - default true)
  -h, --help                   output usage information and exit
  -m, --mask=MASK              set message filter mask
  -n, --crack-error-numbers    output descriptive text instead of error
                               numbers for Windows errors
  -o, --output=FILENAME        set output file to FILENAME
  -p, --pid=n                  attach to executing program with cygwin pid n
  -q, --quiet                  toggle "quiet" flag.  Defaults to on if "-p",
                               off otherwise.
  -S, --flush-period=PERIOD    flush buffered strace output every PERIOD secs
  -t, --timestamp              use an absolute hh:mm:ss timestamp insted of 
                               the default microsecond timestamp.  Implies -d
  -T, --toggle                 toggle tracing in a process already being
                               traced. Requires -p &lt;pid&gt;
  -u, --usecs                  toggle printing of microseconds timestamp
  -V, --version                output version information and exit
  -w, --new-window             spawn program under test in a new window

    MASK can be any combination of the following mnemonics and/or hex values
    (0x is optional).  Combine masks with '+' or ',' like so:

                      --mask=wm+system,malloc+0x00800

    Mnemonic Hex     Corresponding Def  Description
    =========================================================================
    all      0x000001 (_STRACE_ALL)      All strace messages.
    flush    0x000002 (_STRACE_FLUSH)    Flush output buffer after each message.
    inherit  0x000004 (_STRACE_INHERIT)  Children inherit mask from parent.
    uhoh     0x000008 (_STRACE_UHOH)     Unusual or weird phenomenon.
    syscall  0x000010 (_STRACE_SYSCALL)  System calls.
    startup  0x000020 (_STRACE_STARTUP)  argc/envp printout at startup.
    debug    0x000040 (_STRACE_DEBUG)    Info to help debugging. 
    paranoid 0x000080 (_STRACE_PARANOID) Paranoid info.
    termios  0x000100 (_STRACE_TERMIOS)  Info for debugging termios stuff.
    select   0x000200 (_STRACE_SELECT)   Info on ugly select internals.
    wm       0x000400 (_STRACE_WM)       Trace Windows msgs (enable _strace_wm).
    sigp     0x000800 (_STRACE_SIGP)     Trace signal and process handling.
    minimal  0x001000 (_STRACE_MINIMAL)  Very minimal strace output.
    pthread  0x002000 (_STRACE_PTHREAD)	Pthread calls.
    exitdump 0x004000 (_STRACE_EXITDUMP) Dump strace cache on exit.
    system   0x008000 (_STRACE_SYSTEM)   Serious error; goes to console and log.
    nomutex  0x010000 (_STRACE_NOMUTEX)  Don't use mutex for synchronization.
    malloc   0x020000 (_STRACE_MALLOC)   Trace malloc calls.
    thread   0x040000 (_STRACE_THREAD)   Thread-locking calls.
    special  0x100000 (_STRACE_SPECIAL)  Special debugging printfs for
                                         non-checked-in code
</screen>

    <para>The <command>strace</command> program executes a program, and
      optionally the children of the program, reporting any Cygwin DLL output
      from the program(s) to stdout, or to a file with the
      <literal>-o</literal> option. With the <literal>-w</literal> option, you
      can start an strace session in a new window, for example:
      <screen>
$ strace -o tracing_output -w sh -c 'while true; do echo "tracing..."; done' &amp;
</screen>
      This is particularly useful for <command>strace</command> sessions that
      take a long time to complete. </para>

    <para> Note that <command>strace</command> is a standalone Windows program
      and so does not rely on the Cygwin DLL itself (you can verify this with
      <command>cygcheck</command>). As a result it does not understand
      symlinks. This program is mainly useful for debugging the Cygwin DLL
      itself.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="tzset">
    <title>tzset</title>

    <screen>
Usage: tzset [OPTION]

Print POSIX-compatible timezone ID from current Windows timezone setting

Options:
  -h, --help               output usage information and exit.
  -V, --version            output version information and exit.

Use tzset to set your TZ variable. In POSIX-compatible shells like bash,
dash, mksh, or zsh:

      export TZ=$(tzset)

In csh-compatible shells like tcsh:

      setenv TZ `tzset`
</screen>

    <para>The <command>tzset</command> tool reads the current timezone from
      Windows and generates a POSIX-compatible timezone information for the TZ
      environment variable from that information. That's all there is to it.
      For the way how to use it, see the above usage information.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="umount">
    <title>umount</title>

    <screen>
Usage: umount.exe [OPTION] [&lt;posixpath&gt;]

Unmount filesystems

  -h, --help                    output usage information and exit
  -U, --remove-user-mounts      remove all user mounts
  -V, --version                 output version information and exit
</screen>

    <para>The <command>umount</command> program removes mounts from the mount
      table in the current session. If you specify a POSIX path that
      corresponds to a current mount point, <command>umount</command> will
      remove it from the current mount table. Note that you can only remove
      user mount points. The <literal>-U</literal> flag may be used to specify
      removing all user mount points from the current user session.</para>

    <para>See <xref linkend="mount-table"/> for more information on the mount
      table.</para>
  </sect2>

</sect1>