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+/*
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+ * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
+ * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ * GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
+ * Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+/** \file
+ * \ingroup bli
+ *
+ * An abstraction layer for serialization formats.
+ *
+ * Allowing to read/write data to a serialization format like JSON.
+ *
+ *
+ *
+ * # Supported data types
+ *
+ * The abstraction layer has a limited set of data types it supports.
+ * There are specific classes that builds up the data structure that
+ * can be (de)serialized.
+ *
+ * - StringValue: for strings
+ * - IntValue: for integer values
+ * - DoubleValue: for double precision floating point numbers
+ * - BooleanValue: for boolean values
+ * - ArrayValue: An array of any supported value.
+ * - ObjectValue: A key value pair where keys are std::string.
+ * - NullValue: for null values.
+ *
+ * # Basic usage
+ *
+ * ## Serializing
+ *
+ * - Construct a structure that needs to be serialized using the `*Value` classes.
+ * - Construct the formatter you want to use
+ * - Invoke the formatter.serialize method passing an output stream and the value.
+ *
+ * The next example would format an integer value (42) as JSON the result will
+ * be stored inside `out`.
+ *
+ * \code{.cc}
+ * JsonFormatter json;
+ * std::stringstream out;
+ * IntValue test_value(42);
+ * json.serialize(out, test_value);
+ * \endcode
+ *
+ * ## Deserializing
+ *
+ * \code{.cc}
+ * std::stringstream is("42");
+ * JsonFormatter json;
+ * std::unique_ptr<Value> value = json.deserialize(is);
+ * \endcode
+ *
+ * # Adding a new formatter
+ *
+ * To add a new formatter a new sub-class of `Formatter` must be created and the
+ * `serialize`/`deserialize` methods should be implemented.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <ostream>
+
+#include "BLI_map.hh"
+#include "BLI_string_ref.hh"
+#include "BLI_vector.hh"
+
+namespace blender::io::serialize {
+
+/**
+ * Enumeration containing all sub-classes of Value. It is used as for type checking.
+ *
+ * \see #Value::type()
+ */
+enum class eValueType {
+  String,
+  Int,
+  Array,
+  Null,
+  Boolean,
+  Double,
+  Object,
+};
+
+class Value;
+class StringValue;
+class ObjectValue;
+template<typename T, eValueType V> class PrimitiveValue;
+using IntValue = PrimitiveValue<int64_t, eValueType::Int>;
+using DoubleValue = PrimitiveValue<double, eValueType::Double>;
+using BooleanValue = PrimitiveValue<bool, eValueType::Boolean>;
+
+template<typename Container, typename ContainerItem, eValueType V> class ContainerValue;
+/* ArrayValue stores its items as shared pointer as it shares data with a lookup table that can
+ * be created by calling `create_lookup`. */
+using ArrayValue =
+    ContainerValue<Vector<std::shared_ptr<Value>>, std::shared_ptr<Value>, eValueType::Array>;
+
+/**
+ * Class containing a (de)serializable value.
+ *
+ * To serialize from or to a specific format the Value will be used as an intermediate container
+ * holding the values. Value class is abstract. There are concrete classes to for different data
+ * types.
+ *
+ * - `StringValue`: contains a string.
+ * - `IntValue`: contains an integer.
+ * - `ArrayValue`: contains an array of elements. Elements don't need to be the same type.
+ * - `NullValue`: represents nothing (null pointer or optional).
+ * - `BooleanValue`: contains a boolean (true/false).
+ * - `DoubleValue`: contains a double precision floating point number.
+ * - `ObjectValue`: represents an object (key value pairs where keys are strings and values can be
+ *   of different types.
+ *
+ */
+class Value {
+ private:
+  eValueType type_;
+
+ protected:
+  Value() = delete;
+  explicit Value(eValueType type) : type_(type)
+  {
+  }
+
+ public:
+  virtual ~Value() = default;
+  const eValueType type() const
+  {
+    return type_;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Casts to a StringValue.
+   * Will return nullptr when it is a different type.
+   */
+  const StringValue *as_string_value() const;
+
+  /**
+   * Casts to an IntValue.
+   * Will return nullptr when it is a different type.
+   */
+  const IntValue *as_int_value() const;
+
+  /**
+   * Casts to a DoubleValue.
+   * Will return nullptr when it is a different type.
+   */
+  const DoubleValue *as_double_value() const;
+
+  /**
+   * Casts to a BooleanValue.
+   * Will return nullptr when it is a different type.
+   */
+  const BooleanValue *as_boolean_value() const;
+
+  /**
+   * Casts to an ArrayValue.
+   * Will return nullptr when it is a different type.
+   */
+  const ArrayValue *as_array_value() const;
+
+  /**
+   * Casts to an ObjectValue.
+   * Will return nullptr when it is a different type.
+   */
+  const ObjectValue *as_object_value() const;
+};
+
+/**
+ * For generating value types that represent types that are typically known processor data types.
+ */
+template<
+    /** Wrapped c/cpp data type that is used to store the value. */
+    typename T,
+    /** Value type of the class. */
+    eValueType V>
+class PrimitiveValue : public Value {
+ private:
+  T inner_value_{};
+
+ public:
+  explicit PrimitiveValue(const T value) : Value(V), inner_value_(value)
+  {
+  }
+
+  const T value() const
+  {
+    return inner_value_;
+  }
+};
+
+class NullValue : public Value {
+ public:
+  NullValue() : Value(eValueType::Null)
+  {
+  }
+};
+
+class StringValue : public Value {
+ private:
+  std::string string_;
+
+ public:
+  StringValue(const StringRef string) : Value(eValueType::String), string_(string)
+  {
+  }
+
+  const std::string &value() const
+  {
+    return string_;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Template for arrays and objects.
+ *
+ * Both ArrayValue and ObjectValue store their values in an array.
+ */
+template<
+    /** The container type where the elements are stored in. */
+    typename Container,
+
+    /** Type of the data inside the container. */
+    typename ContainerItem,
+
+    /** ValueType representing the value (object/array). */
+    eValueType V>
+class ContainerValue : public Value {
+ public:
+  using Items = Container;
+  using Item = ContainerItem;
+
+ private:
+  Container inner_value_;
+
+ public:
+  ContainerValue() : Value(V)
+  {
+  }
+
+  const Container &elements() const
+  {
+    return inner_value_;
+  }
+
+  Container &elements()
+  {
+    return inner_value_;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Internal storage type for ObjectValue.
+ *
+ * The elements are stored as an key value pair. The value is a shared pointer so it can be shared
+ * when using `ObjectValue::create_lookup`.
+ */
+using ObjectElementType = std::pair<std::string, std::shared_ptr<Value>>;
+
+/**
+ * Object is a key-value container where the key must be a std::string.
+ * Internally it is stored in a blender::Vector to ensure the order of keys.
+ */
+class ObjectValue
+    : public ContainerValue<Vector<ObjectElementType>, ObjectElementType, eValueType::Object> {
+ public:
+  using LookupValue = std::shared_ptr<Value>;
+  using Lookup = Map<std::string, LookupValue>;
+
+  /**
+   * Return a lookup map to quickly lookup by key.
+   *
+   * The lookup is owned by the caller.
+   */
+  const Lookup create_lookup() const
+  {
+    Lookup result;
+    for (const Item &item : elements()) {
+      result.add_as(item.first, item.second);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ * Interface for any provided Formatter.
+ */
+class Formatter {
+ public:
+  virtual ~Formatter() = default;
+
+  /** Serialize the value to the given stream. */
+  virtual void serialize(std::ostream &os, const Value &value) = 0;
+
+  /** Deserialize the stream. */
+  virtual std::unique_ptr<Value> deserialize(std::istream &is) = 0;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Formatter to (de)serialize a JSON formatted stream.
+ */
+class JsonFormatter : public Formatter {
+ public:
+  /**
+   * The indentation level to use.
+   * Typically number of chars. Set to 0 to not use indentation.
+   */
+  int8_t indentation_len = 0;
+
+ public:
+  void serialize(std::ostream &os, const Value &value) override;
+  std::unique_ptr<Value> deserialize(std::istream &is) override;
+};
+
+}  // namespace blender::io::serialize