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This adds support for selective rendering of caustics in shadows of refractive
objects. Example uses are rendering of underwater caustics and eye caustics.
This is based on "Manifold Next Event Estimation", a method developed for
production rendering. The idea is to selectively enable shadow caustics on a
few objects in the scene where they have a big visual impact, without impacting
render performance for the rest of the scene.
The Shadow Caustic option must be manually enabled on light, caustic receiver
and caster objects. For such light paths, the Filter Glossy option will be
ignored and replaced by sharp caustics.
Currently this method has a various limitations:
* Only caustics in shadows of refractive objects work, which means no caustics
from reflection or caustics that outside shadows. Only up to 4 refractive
caustic bounces are supported.
* Caustic caster objects should have smooth normals.
* Not currently support for Metal GPU rendering.
In the future this method may be extended for more general caustics.
TECHNICAL DETAILS
This code adds manifold next event estimation through refractive surface(s) as a
new sampling technique for direct lighting, i.e. finding the point on the
refractive surface(s) along the path to a light sample, which satisfies Fermat's
principle for a given microfacet normal and the path's end points. This
technique involves walking on the "specular manifold" using a pseudo newton
solver. Such a manifold is defined by the specular constraint matrix from the
manifold exploration framework [2]. For each refractive interface, this
constraint is defined by enforcing that the generalized half-vector projection
onto the interface local tangent plane is null. The newton solver guides the
walk by linearizing the manifold locally before reprojecting the linear solution
onto the refractive surface. See paper [1] for more details about the technique
itself and [3] for the half-vector light transport formulation, from which it is
derived.
[1] Manifold Next Event Estimation
Johannes Hanika, Marc Droske, and Luca Fascione. 2015.
Comput. Graph. Forum 34, 4 (July 2015), 87–97.
https://jo.dreggn.org/home/2015_mnee.pdf
[2] Manifold exploration: a Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique for rendering
scenes with difficult specular transport Wenzel Jakob and Steve Marschner.
2012. ACM Trans. Graph. 31, 4, Article 58 (July 2012), 13 pages.
https://www.cs.cornell.edu/projects/manifolds-sg12/
[3] The Natural-Constraint Representation of the Path Space for Efficient
Light Transport Simulation. Anton S. Kaplanyan, Johannes Hanika, and Carsten
Dachsbacher. 2014. ACM Trans. Graph. 33, 4, Article 102 (July 2014), 13 pages.
https://cg.ivd.kit.edu/english/HSLT.php
The code for this samping technique was inserted at the light sampling stage
(direct lighting). If the walk is successful, it turns off path regularization
using a specialized flag in the path state (PATH_MNEE_SUCCESS). This flag tells
the integrator not to blur the brdf roughness further down the path (in a child
ray created from BSDF sampling). In addition, using a cascading mechanism of
flag values, we cull connections to caustic lights for this and children rays,
which should be resolved through MNEE.
This mechanism also cancels the MIS bsdf counter part at the casutic receiver
depth, in essence leaving MNEE as the only sampling technique from receivers
through refractive casters to caustic lights. This choice might not be optimal
when the light gets large wrt to the receiver, though this is usually not when
you want to use MNEE.
This connection culling strategy removes a fair amount of fireflies, at the cost
of introducing a slight bias. Because of the selective nature of the culling
mechanism, reflective caustics still benefit from the native path
regularization, which further removes fireflies on other surfaces (bouncing
light off casters).
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D13533
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Function overloading of make_float4() doesn't work since it's a macro, just
don't do this minor cleanup then.
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Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D14426
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Use templates to optimize the CPU texture sampler to interpolate using
float for single component datatypes instead of using float4 for all types.
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D14424
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This patch adds a Hydra render delegate to Cycles, allowing Cycles to be used for rendering
in applications that provide a Hydra viewport. The implementation was written from scratch
against Cycles X, for integration into the Blender repository to make it possible to continue
developing it in step with the rest of Cycles. For this purpose it follows the style of the rest of
the Cycles code and can be built with a CMake option
(`WITH_CYCLES_HYDRA_RENDER_DELEGATE=1`) similar to the existing standalone version
of Cycles.
Since Hydra render delegates need to be built against the exact USD version and other
dependencies as the target application is using, this is intended to be built separate from
Blender (`WITH_BLENDER=0` CMake option) and with support for library versions different
from what Blender is using. As such the CMake build scripts for Windows had to be modified
slightly, so that the Cycles Hydra render delegate can e.g. be built with MSVC 2017 again
even though Blender requires MSVC 2019 now, and it's possible to specify custom paths to
the USD SDK etc. The codebase supports building against the latest USD release 22.03 and all
the way back to USD 20.08 (with some limitations).
Reviewed By: brecht, LazyDodo
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D14398
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GLUT does not support offscreen contexts, which is required for the new
display driver. So we use SDL instead. Note that this requires using a
system SDL package, the Blender precompiled SDL does not include the video
subsystem.
There is currently no text display support, instead info is printed to
the terminal. This would require adding an embedded font and GLSL shaders,
or using GUI library.
Another improvement to be made is supporting OpenColorIO display transforms,
right now we assume Rec.709 scene linear and display.
All OpenGL, GLEW and SDL code was move out of core cycles and into
app/opengl. This serves as a template for apps that want to integrate
Cycles interactive rendering, with a simple OpenGLDisplayDriver example.
In general this would be adapted to the graphics API and color management
used by the app.
Ref T91846
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* Replace license text in headers with SPDX identifiers.
* Remove specific license info from outdated readme.txt, instead leave details
to the source files.
* Add list of SPDX license identifiers used, and corresponding license texts.
* Update copyright dates while we're at it.
Ref D14069, T95597
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The rbit instruction is only available starting with ARMv6T2 and
the register prefix is different from what AARCH64 uses.
Separate the 32 and 64 bit ARM branches, add missing ISA checks.
Made sure the code works as intended on macMini with Apple silicon,
and on Raspberry Pi 4 B running 32bit Raspbian OS.
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D14056
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Use a shorter/simpler license convention, stops the header taking so
much space.
Follow the SPDX license specification: https://spdx.org/licenses
- C/C++/objc/objc++
- Python
- Shell Scripts
- CMake, GNUmakefile
While most of the source tree has been included
- `./extern/` was left out.
- `./intern/cycles` & `./intern/atomic` are also excluded because they
use different header conventions.
doc/license/SPDX-license-identifiers.txt has been added to list SPDX all
used identifiers.
See P2788 for the script that automated these edits.
Reviewed By: brecht, mont29, sergey
Ref D14069
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There are two things achieved by this change:
- No possible downcast of size_t to int when calculating motion steps.
- Disambiguate call to `min()` which was for some reason considered
ambiguous on 32bit platforms `min(int, unsigned int)`.
- Do the same for the `max()` call to keep them symmetrical.
On an implementation side the `min()` is defined for a fixed width
integer type to disambiguate uint from size_t on 32bit platforms,
and yet be able to use it for 32bit operands on 64bit platforms without
upcast.
This ended up in a bit bigger change as the conditional compile-in of
functions is easiest if the functions is templated. Making the functions
templated required to remove the other source of ambiguity which is
`algorithm.h` which was pulling min/max from std.
Now it is the `math.h` which is the source of truth for min/max.
It was only one place which was relying on `algorithm.h` for these
functions, hence the choice of `math.h` as the safest and least
intrusive.
Fixes 32bit platforms (such as i386) in Debian package build system.
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D14062
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This reverts commit d74bb7be1916744ae56347b49333eac22ebb7339.
Need to re-iterate to have a proper support of all platforms.
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There are two things achieved by this change:
- No possible downcast of size_t to int when calculating motion steps.
- Disambiguate call to min() which was for some reason considered
ambiguous on 32bit platforms `min(int, unsigned int)`.
On an implementation side the `min()` is defined for a fixed width
integer type to disambiguate uint from size_t on 32bit platforms,
and yet be able to use it for 32bit operands on 64bit platforms without
upcast.
Fixes 32bit platforms (such as i386) in Debian package build system.
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D13992
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This patch fixes a correctness issue discovered in the `int4 select(...)` function on Apple Silicon machines, which causes bad bvh2 builds. Although the generated bvh2s give correct renders, the resulting runtime performance is terrible. This fix allows us to switch over to bvh2 on Apple Silicon giving a significant performance uplift for many of the standard benchmarking assets. It also fixes some unit test failures stemming from the use of MetalRT, and trivially enables the new pointcloud primitive.
Ref T92212
Reviewed By: brecht
Maniphest Tasks: T92212
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D13877
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The ustring is not a trivially copyable object from the C++ standard
point of view, so using memcpy on it is strictly wrong. In practice,
however, this is OK since it is just a thin wrapper around char*.
For now use explicit cast to void* same as it was done in other places
of ccl::array implementation. But also localize the place where memory
copy happens to make it easier to support proper non-trivial C++
objects in the future.
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In some places the task scheduler was not initialized in time.
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Consider temporary directory to be variant part of session configuration
which gets communicated to the tile manager on render reset.
This allows to be able to render with one temp directory, change the
directory, render again and have proper render result even with enabled
persistent data.
For the ease of access to the temp directory expose it via the render
engine API (engine.temp_directory).
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D13790
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No need for it now since all the threading queries and
scheduling is done via TBB.
Should be no functional changes as all the removed code
is supposed to be unused.
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Query TBB for the maximum allowed concurrency, which is free from a bug
in own concurrency detection code. One thing to keep in mind is that now
Cycles is limited by the number of threads in the TBB areana from which
Session is created. This isn't a problem for Blender since we do not limit
arena on Blender side. Could be something to watch out for in other Cycles
integrations.
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D13658
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This patch adds the Metal host-side code:
- Add all core host-side Metal backend files (device_impl, queue, etc)
- Add MetalRT BVH setup files
- Integrate with Cycles device enumeration code
- Revive `path_source_replace_includes` in util/path (required for MSL compilation)
This patch also includes a couple of small kernel-side fixes:
- Add an implementation of `lgammaf` for Metal [Nemes, Gergő (2010), "New asymptotic expansion for the Gamma function", Archiv der Mathematik](https://users.renyi.hu/~gergonemes/)
- include "work_stealing.h" inside the Metal context class because it accesses state now
Ref T92212
Reviewed By: brecht
Maniphest Tasks: T92212
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D13423
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* Spot lights are now handled as disks aligned with the direction of the
spotlight instead of view aligned disks.
* Point light is now handled separately from the spot light, to fix a case
where multiple lights are intersected in a row. Before the origin of the
ray was the previously intersected light and not the origin of the initial
ray traced from the last surface/volume interaction.
This makes both strategies in multiple importance sampling converge to the same
result. It changes the render results in some scenes, for example the junkshop
scene where there are large point lights overlapping scene geometry and each
other.
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D13233
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This patch adds MetalRT support to Cycles kernel code. It is mostly additive in nature or confined to Metal-specific code, however there are a few areas where this interacts with other code:
- MetalRT closely follows the Optix implementation, and in some cases (notably handling of transforms) it makes sense to extend Optix special-casing to MetalRT. For these generalisations we now have `__KERNEL_GPU_RAYTRACING__` instead of `__KERNEL_OPTIX__`.
- MetalRT doesn't support primitive offsetting (as with `primitiveIndexOffset` in Optix), so we define and populate a new kernel texture, `__object_prim_offset`, containing per-object primitive / curve-segment offsets. This is referenced and applied in MetalRT intersection handlers.
- Two new BVH layout enum values have been added: `BVH_LAYOUT_METAL` and `BVH_LAYOUT_MULTI_METAL_EMBREE` for XPU mode). Some host-side enum case handling has been updated where it is trivial to do so.
Ref T92212
Reviewed By: brecht
Maniphest Tasks: T92212
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D13353
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BVH2 triangle intersection was broken on the GPU since packed floats can't
be loaded directly into SSE. The better long term solution for performance
would be to build a BVH2 for GPU and Embree for CPU, similar to what we do
for OptiX.
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Contributed by luzpaz.
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D10447
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MSL requires that constant address space literals be declared at program
scope. This patch moves the `blackbody_table_r/g/b` and `cie_colour_match`
constants into separate files so they can be declared at the appropriate scope.
Ref T92212
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D13241
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This patch contains many small leftover fixes and additions that are
required for Metal-enablement:
- Address space fixes and a few other small compile fixes
- Addition of missing functionality to the Metal adapter headers
- Addition of various scattered `__KERNEL_METAL__` blocks (e.g. for
atomic support & maths functions)
Ref T92212
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D13263
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Introduce a packed_float3 type for smaller storage that is exactly 3
floats, instead of 4. For computation float3 is still used since it can
use SIMD instructions.
Ref T92212
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D13243
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Avoid integer overflow.
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Adds a method to profiler that can be used to check if it is active.
This is used to determine if stop_profiling and start_profiling
should be called.
| patch | Juans Scene UI 256 samples | Juans Scene bg 256 samples | junkshop UI | junkshop bg |
| No patch | 6:16.59 | 4:05.37 | 2:08.48 | 1:59.7 |
| D13187 | 4:12.15 | 3:57.36 | 2:07.25 | 1:58.16 |
| D13185 | 4.11.18 |3:54.74 | 2:07.44 | 1:58.03 |
| D13190 | 4:12.39 | 3:55.42 | 2:07.62 | 1:58.68 |
UI - means rendered from within Blender
bg - means rendered from the command line using ##blender -b scene.blend -f 1##
Reviewed By: sergey, brecht
Maniphest Tasks: T92601
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D13190
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Instead of printing debug flags listing various CPU and GPU settings that
may or may not be used, print when we are using them. This include CPU
kernel types, OptiX debugging and CUDA and HIP adaptive compilation. BVH
type was already printed.
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saturate is depricated in favour of __saturatef this replaces saturate
with __saturatef on CUDA by createing a saturatef function which replaces
all instances of saturate and are hooked up to the correct function on all
platforms.
Reviewed By: brecht
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D13010
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Remove prefix of filenames that is the same as the folder name. This used
to help when #includes were using individual files, but now they are always
relative to the cycles root directory and so the prefixes are redundant.
For patches and branches, git merge and rebase should be able to detect the
renames and move over code to the right file.
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This is the first of a sequence of changes to support compiling Cycles kernels as MSL (Metal Shading Language) in preparation for a Metal GPU device implementation.
MSL requires that all pointer types be declared with explicit address space attributes (device, thread, etc...). There is already precedent for this with Cycles' address space macros (ccl_global, ccl_private, etc...), therefore the first step of MSL-enablement is to apply these consistently. Line-for-line this represents the largest change required to enable MSL. Applying this change first will simplify future patches as well as offering the emergent benefit of enhanced descriptiveness.
The vast majority of deltas in this patch fall into one of two cases:
- Ensuring ccl_private is specified for thread-local pointer types
- Ensuring ccl_global is specified for device-wide pointer types
Additionally, the ccl_addr_space qualifier can be removed. Prior to Cycles X, ccl_addr_space was used as a context-dependent address space qualifier, but now it is either redundant (e.g. in struct typedefs), or can be replaced by ccl_global in the case of pointer types. Associated function variants (e.g. lcg_step_float_addrspace) are also redundant.
In cases where address space qualifiers are chained with "const", this patch places the address space qualifier first. The rationale for this is that the choice of address space is likely to have the greater impact on runtime performance and overall architecture.
The final part of this patch is the addition of a metal/compat.h header. This is partially complete and will be extended in future patches, paving the way for the full Metal implementation.
Ref T92212
Reviewed By: brecht
Maniphest Tasks: T92212
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D12864
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NOTE: this feature is not ready for user testing, and not yet enabled in daily
builds. It is being merged now for easier collaboration on development.
HIP is a heterogenous compute interface allowing C++ code to be executed on
GPUs similar to CUDA. It is intended to bring back AMD GPU rendering support
on Windows and Linux.
https://github.com/ROCm-Developer-Tools/HIP.
As of the time of writing, it should compile and run on Linux with existing
HIP compilers and driver runtimes. Publicly available compilers and drivers
for Windows will come later.
See task T91571 for more details on the current status and work remaining
to be done.
Credits:
Sayak Biswas (AMD)
Arya Rafii (AMD)
Brian Savery (AMD)
Differential Revision: https://developer.blender.org/D12578
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