path: root/src/System.Private.CoreLib/shared/System/Memory.cs

// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the MIT license.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.

using System.Buffers;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using EditorBrowsableAttribute = System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsableAttribute;
using EditorBrowsableState = System.ComponentModel.EditorBrowsableState;

using Internal.Runtime.CompilerServices;

namespace System
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Memory represents a contiguous region of arbitrary memory similar to <see cref="Span{T}"/>.
    /// Unlike <see cref="Span{T}"/>, it is not a byref-like type.
    /// </summary>
    [DebuggerTypeProxy(typeof(MemoryDebugView<>))]
    [DebuggerDisplay("{ToString(),raw}")]
    public readonly struct Memory<T>
    {
        // NOTE: With the current implementation, Memory<T> and ReadOnlyMemory<T> must have the same layout,
        // as code uses Unsafe.As to cast between them.

        // The highest order bit of _index is used to discern whether _object is an array/string or an owned memory
        // if (_index >> 31) == 1, object _object is an MemoryManager<T>
        // else, object _object is a T[] or a string.
        //     if (_length >> 31) == 1, _object is a pre-pinned array, so Pin() will not allocate a new GCHandle
        //     else, Pin() needs to allocate a new GCHandle to pin the object.
        // It can only be a string if the Memory<T> was created by
        // using unsafe / marshaling code to reinterpret a ReadOnlyMemory<char> wrapped around a string as
        // a Memory<T>.
        private readonly object _object;
        private readonly int _index;
        private readonly int _length;

        private const int RemoveFlagsBitMask = 0x7FFFFFFF;

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new memory over the entirety of the target array.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="array">The target array.</param>
        /// <remarks>Returns default when <paramref name="array"/> is null.</remarks>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArrayTypeMismatchException">Thrown when <paramref name="array"/> is covariant and array's type is not exactly T[].</exception>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public Memory(T[] array)
        {
            if (array == null)
            {
                this = default;
                return; // returns default
            }
            if (default(T) == null && array.GetType() != typeof(T[]))
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArrayTypeMismatchException();

            _object = array;
            _index = 0;
            _length = array.Length;
        }

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        internal Memory(T[] array, int start)
        {
            if (array == null)
            {
                if (start != 0)
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException();
                this = default;
                return; // returns default
            }
            if (default(T) == null && array.GetType() != typeof(T[]))
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArrayTypeMismatchException();
            if ((uint)start > (uint)array.Length)
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException();

            _object = array;
            _index = start;
            _length = array.Length - start;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new memory over the portion of the target array beginning
        /// at 'start' index and ending at 'end' index (exclusive).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="array">The target array.</param>
        /// <param name="start">The index at which to begin the memory.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The number of items in the memory.</param>
        /// <remarks>Returns default when <paramref name="array"/> is null.</remarks>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArrayTypeMismatchException">Thrown when <paramref name="array"/> is covariant and array's type is not exactly T[].</exception>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
        /// Thrown when the specified <paramref name="start"/> or end index is not in the range (&lt;0 or &gt;=Length).
        /// </exception>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public Memory(T[] array, int start, int length)
        {
            if (array == null)
            {
                if (start != 0 || length != 0)
                    ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException();
                this = default;
                return; // returns default
            }
            if (default(T) == null && array.GetType() != typeof(T[]))
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArrayTypeMismatchException();
            if ((uint)start > (uint)array.Length || (uint)length > (uint)(array.Length - start))
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException();

            _object = array;
            _index = start;
            _length = length;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new memory from a memory manager that provides specific method implementations beginning
        /// at 0 index and ending at 'end' index (exclusive).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="manager">The memory manager.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The number of items in the memory.</param>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
        /// Thrown when the specified <paramref name="length"/> is negative.
        /// </exception>
        /// <remarks>For internal infrastructure only</remarks>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        internal Memory(MemoryManager<T> manager, int length)
        {
            Debug.Assert(manager != null);

            if (length < 0)
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException();

            _object = manager;
            _index = (1 << 31); // Mark as MemoryManager type
            // Before using _index, check if _index < 0, then 'and' it with RemoveFlagsBitMask
            _length = length;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new memory from a memory manager that provides specific method implementations beginning
        /// at 'start' index and ending at 'end' index (exclusive).
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="manager">The memory manager.</param>
        /// <param name="start">The index at which to begin the memory.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The number of items in the memory.</param>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
        /// Thrown when the specified <paramref name="start"/> or <paramref name="length"/> is negative.
        /// </exception>
        /// <remarks>For internal infrastructure only</remarks>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        internal Memory(MemoryManager<T> manager, int start, int length)
        {
            Debug.Assert(manager != null);

            if (length < 0 || start < 0)
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException();

            _object = manager;
            _index = start | (1 << 31); // Mark as MemoryManager type
            // Before using _index, check if _index < 0, then 'and' it with RemoveFlagsBitMask
            _length = length;
        }

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        internal Memory(object obj, int start, int length)
        {
            // No validation performed; caller must provide any necessary validation.
            _object = obj;
            _index = start;
            _length = length;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Defines an implicit conversion of an array to a <see cref="Memory{T}"/>
        /// </summary>
        public static implicit operator Memory<T>(T[] array) => new Memory<T>(array);

        /// <summary>
        /// Defines an implicit conversion of a <see cref="ArraySegment{T}"/> to a <see cref="Memory{T}"/>
        /// </summary>
        public static implicit operator Memory<T>(ArraySegment<T> segment) => new Memory<T>(segment.Array, segment.Offset, segment.Count);

        /// <summary>
        /// Defines an implicit conversion of a <see cref="Memory{T}"/> to a <see cref="ReadOnlyMemory{T}"/>
        /// </summary>
        public static implicit operator ReadOnlyMemory<T>(Memory<T> memory) =>
            Unsafe.As<Memory<T>, ReadOnlyMemory<T>>(ref memory);

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns an empty <see cref="Memory{T}"/>
        /// </summary>
        public static Memory<T> Empty => default;

        /// <summary>
        /// The number of items in the memory.
        /// </summary>
        public int Length => _length & RemoveFlagsBitMask;

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns true if Length is 0.
        /// </summary>
        public bool IsEmpty => (_length & RemoveFlagsBitMask) == 0;

        /// <summary>
        /// For <see cref="Memory{Char}"/>, returns a new instance of string that represents the characters pointed to by the memory.
        /// Otherwise, returns a <see cref="string"/> with the name of the type and the number of elements.
        /// </summary>
        public override string ToString()
        {
            if (typeof(T) == typeof(char))
            {
                return (_object is string str) ? str.Substring(_index, _length & RemoveFlagsBitMask) : Span.ToString();
            }
            return string.Format("System.Memory<{0}>[{1}]", typeof(T).Name, _length & RemoveFlagsBitMask);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Forms a slice out of the given memory, beginning at 'start'.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="start">The index at which to begin this slice.</param>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
        /// Thrown when the specified <paramref name="start"/> index is not in range (&lt;0 or &gt;=Length).
        /// </exception>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public Memory<T> Slice(int start)
        {
            // Used to maintain the high-bit which indicates whether the Memory has been pre-pinned or not.
            int capturedLength = _length;
            int actualLength = capturedLength & RemoveFlagsBitMask;
            if ((uint)start > (uint)actualLength)
            {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException(ExceptionArgument.start);
            }

            // It is expected for (capturedLength - start) to be negative if the memory is already pre-pinned.
            return new Memory<T>(_object, _index + start, capturedLength - start);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Forms a slice out of the given memory, beginning at 'start', of given length
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="start">The index at which to begin this slice.</param>
        /// <param name="length">The desired length for the slice (exclusive).</param>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException">
        /// Thrown when the specified <paramref name="start"/> or end index is not in range (&lt;0 or &gt;=Length).
        /// </exception>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public Memory<T> Slice(int start, int length)
        {
            // Used to maintain the high-bit which indicates whether the Memory has been pre-pinned or not.
            int capturedLength = _length;
            int actualLength = capturedLength & RemoveFlagsBitMask;
            if ((uint)start > (uint)actualLength || (uint)length > (uint)(actualLength - start))
            {
                ThrowHelper.ThrowArgumentOutOfRangeException();
            }

            // Set the high-bit to match the this._length high bit (1 for pre-pinned, 0 for unpinned).
            return new Memory<T>(_object, _index + start, length | (capturedLength & ~RemoveFlagsBitMask));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns a span from the memory.
        /// </summary>
        public Span<T> Span
        {
            [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
            get
            {
                if (_index < 0)
                {
                    Debug.Assert(_length >= 0);
                    Debug.Assert(_object != null);
                    return ((MemoryManager<T>)_object).GetSpan().Slice(_index & RemoveFlagsBitMask, _length);
                }
                else if (typeof(T) == typeof(char) && _object is string s)
                {
                    Debug.Assert(_length >= 0);
                    // This is dangerous, returning a writable span for a string that should be immutable.
                    // However, we need to handle the case where a ReadOnlyMemory<char> was created from a string
                    // and then cast to a Memory<T>. Such a cast can only be done with unsafe or marshaling code,
                    // in which case that's the dangerous operation performed by the dev, and we're just following
                    // suit here to make it work as best as possible.
                    return new Span<T>(ref Unsafe.As<char, T>(ref s.GetRawStringData()), s.Length).Slice(_index, _length);
                }
                else if (_object != null)
                {
                    return new Span<T>((T[])_object, _index, _length & RemoveFlagsBitMask);
                }
                else
                {
                    return default;
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Copies the contents of the memory into the destination. If the source
        /// and destination overlap, this method behaves as if the original values are in
        /// a temporary location before the destination is overwritten.
        ///
        /// <param name="destination">The Memory to copy items into.</param>
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentException">
        /// Thrown when the destination is shorter than the source.
        /// </exception>
        /// </summary>
        public void CopyTo(Memory<T> destination) => Span.CopyTo(destination.Span);

        /// <summary>
        /// Copies the contents of the memory into the destination. If the source
        /// and destination overlap, this method behaves as if the original values are in
        /// a temporary location before the destination is overwritten.
        ///
        /// <returns>If the destination is shorter than the source, this method
        /// return false and no data is written to the destination.</returns>
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="destination">The span to copy items into.</param>
        public bool TryCopyTo(Memory<T> destination) => Span.TryCopyTo(destination.Span);

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a handle for the memory.
        /// The GC will not move the memory until the returned <see cref="MemoryHandle"/>
        /// is disposed, enabling taking and using the memory's address.
        /// <exception cref="System.ArgumentException">
        /// An instance with nonprimitive (non-blittable) members cannot be pinned.
        /// </exception>
        /// </summary>
        public unsafe MemoryHandle Pin()
        {
            if (_index < 0)
            {
                Debug.Assert(_object != null);
                return ((MemoryManager<T>)_object).Pin((_index & RemoveFlagsBitMask));
            }
            else if (typeof(T) == typeof(char) && _object is string s)
            {
                // This case can only happen if a ReadOnlyMemory<char> was created around a string
                // and then that was cast to a Memory<char> using unsafe / marshaling code.  This needs
                // to work, however, so that code that uses a single Memory<char> field to store either
                // a readable ReadOnlyMemory<char> or a writable Memory<char> can still be pinned and
                // used for interop purposes.
                GCHandle handle = GCHandle.Alloc(s, GCHandleType.Pinned);
                void* pointer = Unsafe.Add<T>(Unsafe.AsPointer(ref s.GetRawStringData()), _index);
                return new MemoryHandle(pointer, handle);
            }
            else if (_object is T[] array)
            {
                // Array is already pre-pinned
                if (_length < 0)
                {
                    void* pointer = Unsafe.Add<T>(Unsafe.AsPointer(ref array.GetRawSzArrayData()), _index);
                    return new MemoryHandle(pointer);
                }
                else
                {
                    GCHandle handle = GCHandle.Alloc(array, GCHandleType.Pinned);
                    void* pointer = Unsafe.Add<T>(Unsafe.AsPointer(ref array.GetRawSzArrayData()), _index);
                    return new MemoryHandle(pointer, handle);
                }
            }
            return default;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Copies the contents from the memory into a new array.  This heap
        /// allocates, so should generally be avoided, however it is sometimes
        /// necessary to bridge the gap with APIs written in terms of arrays.
        /// </summary>
        public T[] ToArray() => Span.ToArray();

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines whether the specified object is equal to the current object.
        /// Returns true if the object is Memory or ReadOnlyMemory and if both objects point to the same array and have the same length.
        /// </summary>
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            if (obj is ReadOnlyMemory<T>)
            {
                return ((ReadOnlyMemory<T>)obj).Equals(this);
            }
            else if (obj is Memory<T> memory)
            {
                return Equals(memory);
            }
            else
            {
                return false;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns true if the memory points to the same array and has the same length.  Note that
        /// this does *not* check to see if the *contents* are equal.
        /// </summary>
        public bool Equals(Memory<T> other)
        {
            return
                _object == other._object &&
                _index == other._index &&
                _length == other._length;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Serves as the default hash function.
        /// </summary>
        [EditorBrowsable(EditorBrowsableState.Never)]
        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return _object != null ? CombineHashCodes(_object.GetHashCode(), _index.GetHashCode(), _length.GetHashCode()) : 0;
        }

        private static int CombineHashCodes(int left, int right)
        {
            return ((left << 5) + left) ^ right;
        }

        private static int CombineHashCodes(int h1, int h2, int h3)
        {
            return CombineHashCodes(CombineHashCodes(h1, h2), h3);
        }

    }
}