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diff --git a/doc/administration/operations/puma.md b/doc/administration/operations/puma.md index c7df8249ae4..9e828b39f46 100644 --- a/doc/administration/operations/puma.md +++ b/doc/administration/operations/puma.md @@ -4,45 +4,19 @@ group: Distribution info: To determine the technical writer assigned to the Stage/Group associated with this page, see https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/ux/technical-writing/#assignments --- -# Puma **(FREE SELF)** +# Configure the bundled Puma instance of the GitLab package **(FREE SELF)** -Puma is a simple, fast, multi-threaded, and highly concurrent HTTP 1.1 server for -Ruby applications. It's the default GitLab web server since GitLab 13.0 -and has replaced Unicorn. From GitLab 14.0, Unicorn is no longer supported. +Puma is a fast, multi-threaded, and highly concurrent HTTP 1.1 server for +Ruby applications. It runs the core Rails application that provides the user-facing +features of GitLab. -NOTE: -Starting with GitLab 13.0, Puma is the default web server and Unicorn has been disabled. -In GitLab 14.0, Unicorn was removed from the Linux package and only Puma is available. - -## Configure Puma - -To configure Puma: - -1. Determine suitable Puma worker and thread [settings](../../install/requirements.md#puma-settings). -1. If you're switching from Unicorn, [convert any custom settings to Puma](#convert-unicorn-settings-to-puma). -1. For multi-node deployments, configure the load balancer to use the - [readiness check](../load_balancer.md#readiness-check). -1. Reconfigure GitLab so the above changes take effect: - - ```shell - sudo gitlab-ctl reconfigure - ``` - -For Helm-based deployments, see the -[`webservice` chart documentation](https://docs.gitlab.com/charts/charts/gitlab/webservice/index.html). - -For more details about the Puma configuration, see the -[Puma documentation](https://github.com/puma/puma#configuration). +## Reducing memory use -## Puma Worker Killer +To reduce memory use, Puma forks worker processes. Each time a worker is created, +it shares memory with the primary process. The worker uses additional memory only +when it changes or adds to its memory pages. -Puma forks worker processes as part of a strategy to reduce memory use. - -Each time a worker is created, it shares memory with the primary process and -only uses additional memory when it makes changes or additions to its memory pages. - -Memory use by workers therefore increases over time, and Puma Worker Killer is the -mechanism that recovers this memory. +Memory use increases over time, but you can use Puma Worker Killer to recover memory. By default: @@ -50,6 +24,8 @@ By default: exceeds a [memory limit](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/lib/gitlab/cluster/puma_worker_killer_initializer.rb). - Rolling restarts of Puma workers are performed every 12 hours. +### Change the memory limit setting + To change the memory limit setting: 1. Edit `/etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb`: @@ -58,26 +34,28 @@ To change the memory limit setting: puma['per_worker_max_memory_mb'] = 1024 ``` -1. Reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect: +1. Reconfigure GitLab: ```shell sudo gitlab-ctl reconfigure ``` -There are costs associated with killing and replacing workers including -reduced capacity to run GitLab, and CPU that is consumed -restarting the workers. `per_worker_max_memory_mb` should be set to a -higher value if the worker killer is replacing workers too often. +When workers are killed and replaced, capacity to run GitLab is reduced, +and CPU is consumed. Set `per_worker_max_memory_mb` to a higher value if the worker killer +is replacing workers too often. -Worker count is calculated based on CPU cores, so a small GitLab deployment +Worker count is calculated based on CPU cores. A small GitLab deployment with 4-8 workers may experience performance issues if workers are being restarted -frequently, once or more per minute. This is too often. +too often (once or more per minute). A higher value of `1200` or more would be beneficial if the server has free memory. -The worker killer checks every 20 seconds, and can be monitored using -[the Puma log](../logs.md#puma_stdoutlog) `/var/log/gitlab/puma/puma_stdout.log`. -For example, for GitLab 13.5: +### Monitor worker memory + +The worker killer checks memory every 20 seconds. + +To monitor the worker killer, use [the Puma log](../logs.md#puma_stdoutlog) `/var/log/gitlab/puma/puma_stdout.log`. +For example: ```plaintext PumaWorkerKiller: Out of memory. 4 workers consuming total: 4871.23828125 MB @@ -88,9 +66,9 @@ From this output: - The formula that calculates the maximum memory value results in workers being killed before they reach the `per_worker_max_memory_mb` value. -- The default values for the formula before GitLab 13.5 were 550MB for the primary - and `per_worker_max_memory_mb` specified 850MB for each worker. -- As of GitLab 13.5 the values are primary: 800MB, worker: 1024MB. +- In GitLab 13.4 and earlier, the default values for the formula were 550MB for the primary + and 850MB for each worker. +- In GitLab 13.5 and later, the values are primary: 800MB, worker: 1024MB. - The threshold for workers to be killed is set at 98% of the limit: ```plaintext @@ -102,16 +80,15 @@ From this output: Increasing the maximum to `1200`, for example, would set a `max: 5488 MB` value. -Workers use additional memory on top of the shared memory, how much +Workers use additional memory on top of the shared memory. The amount of memory depends on a site's use of GitLab. -## Worker timeout +## Change the worker timeout -A [timeout of 60 seconds](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/config/initializers/rack_timeout.rb) -is used when Puma is enabled. +The default Puma [timeout is 60 seconds](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/blob/master/config/initializers/rack_timeout.rb). NOTE: -Unlike Unicorn, the `puma['worker_timeout']` setting does not set the maximum request duration. +The `puma['worker_timeout']` setting does not set the maximum request duration. To change the worker timeout to 600 seconds: @@ -123,26 +100,38 @@ To change the worker timeout to 600 seconds: } ``` -1. Reconfigure GitLab for the changes to take effect: +1. Reconfigure GitLab: ```shell sudo gitlab-ctl reconfigure ``` -## Memory-constrained environments +## Disable Puma clustered mode in memory-constrained environments In a memory-constrained environment with less than 4GB of RAM available, consider disabling Puma -[Clustered mode](https://github.com/puma/puma#clustered-mode). +[clustered mode](https://github.com/puma/puma#clustered-mode). -Configuring Puma by setting the amount of `workers` to `0` could reduce memory usage by hundreds of MB. -For details on Puma worker and thread settings, see the [Puma requirements](../../install/requirements.md#puma-settings). +Set the number of `workers` to `0` to reduce memory usage by hundreds of MB: + +1. Edit `/etc/gitlab/gitlab.rb`: -Unlike in a Clustered mode, which is set up by default, only a single Puma process would serve the application. + ```ruby + puma['worker_processes'] = 0 + ``` -The downside of running Puma with such configuration is the reduced throughput, which could be -considered as a fair tradeoff in a memory-constraint environment. +1. Reconfigure GitLab: -When running Puma in Single mode, some features are not supported: + ```shell + sudo gitlab-ctl reconfigure + ``` + +Unlike in a clustered mode, which is set up by default, only a single Puma process would serve the application. +For details on Puma worker and thread settings, see the [Puma requirements](../../install/requirements.md#puma-settings). + +The downside of running Puma in this configuration is the reduced throughput, which can be +considered a fair tradeoff in a memory-constrained environment. + +When running Puma in single mode, some features are not supported: - [Phased restart](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/300665) - [Puma Worker Killer](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/300664) @@ -151,22 +140,23 @@ To learn more, visit [epic 5303](https://gitlab.com/groups/gitlab-org/-/epics/53 ## Performance caveat when using Puma with Rugged -For deployments where NFS is used to store Git repository, we allow GitLab to use -[direct Git access](../gitaly/index.md#direct-access-to-git-in-gitlab) to improve performance using +For deployments where NFS is used to store Git repositories, GitLab uses +[direct Git access](../gitaly/index.md#direct-access-to-git-in-gitlab) to improve performance by using [Rugged](https://github.com/libgit2/rugged). Rugged usage is automatically enabled if direct Git access [is available](../gitaly/index.md#how-it-works) -and Puma is running single threaded, unless it is disabled by -[feature flags](../../development/gitaly.md#legacy-rugged-code). +and Puma is running single threaded, unless it is disabled by a +[feature flag](../../development/gitaly.md#legacy-rugged-code). -MRI Ruby uses a GVL. This allows MRI Ruby to be multi-threaded, but running at -most on a single core. Since Rugged can use a thread for long periods of -time (due to intensive I/O operations of Git access), this can starve other threads -that might be processing requests. This is not a case for Unicorn or Puma running -in a single thread mode, as concurrently at most one request is being processed. +MRI Ruby uses a Global VM Lock (GVL). GVL allows MRI Ruby to be multi-threaded, but running at +most on a single core. -We are actively working on removing Rugged usage. Even though performance without Rugged +Git includes intensive I/O operations. When Rugged uses a thread for a long period of time, +other threads that might be processing requests can starve. Puma running in single thread mode +does not have this issue, because concurrently at most one request is being processed. + +GitLab is working to remove Rugged usage. Even though performance without Rugged is acceptable today, in some cases it might be still beneficial to run with it. Given the caveat of running Rugged with multi-threaded Puma, and acceptable @@ -177,55 +167,70 @@ This default behavior may not be the optimal configuration in some situations. I plays an important role in your deployment, we suggest you benchmark to find the optimal configuration: -- The safest option is to start with single-threaded Puma. When working with - Rugged, single-threaded Puma works the same as Unicorn. -- To force Rugged to be used with multi-threaded Puma, you can use - [feature flags](../../development/gitaly.md#legacy-rugged-code). +- The safest option is to start with single-threaded Puma. +- To force Rugged to be used with multi-threaded Puma, you can use a + [feature flag](../../development/gitaly.md#legacy-rugged-code). -## Convert Unicorn settings to Puma +## Switch from Unicorn to Puma NOTE: -Starting with GitLab 13.0, Puma is the default web server and Unicorn has been -disabled by default. In GitLab 14.0, Unicorn was removed from the Linux package -and only Puma is available. +For Helm-based deployments, see the +[`webservice` chart documentation](https://docs.gitlab.com/charts/charts/gitlab/webservice/index.html). + +Starting with GitLab 13.0, Puma is the default web server and Unicorn has been disabled. +In GitLab 14.0, [Unicorn was removed](../../update/removals.md#unicorn-in-gitlab-self-managed) +from the Linux package and is no longer supported. -Puma has a multi-thread architecture which uses less memory than a multi-process +Puma has a multi-thread architecture that uses less memory than a multi-process application server like Unicorn. On GitLab.com, we saw a 40% reduction in memory -consumption. Most Rails applications requests normally include a proportion of I/O wait time. +consumption. Most Rails application requests normally include a proportion of I/O wait time. -During I/O wait time MRI Ruby releases the GVL (Global VM Lock) to other threads. +During I/O wait time, MRI Ruby releases the GVL to other threads. Multi-threaded Puma can therefore still serve more requests than a single process. When switching to Puma, any Unicorn server configuration will _not_ carry over automatically, due to differences between the two application servers. -The table below summarizes which Unicorn configuration keys correspond to those -in Puma when using the Linux package, and which ones have no corresponding counterpart. - -| Unicorn | Puma | -| ------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------- | -| `unicorn['enable']` | `puma['enable']` | -| `unicorn['worker_timeout']` | `puma['worker_timeout']` | -| `unicorn['worker_processes']` | `puma['worker_processes']` | -| n/a | `puma['ha']` | -| n/a | `puma['min_threads']` | -| n/a | `puma['max_threads']` | -| `unicorn['listen']` | `puma['listen']` | -| `unicorn['port']` | `puma['port']` | -| `unicorn['socket']` | `puma['socket']` | -| `unicorn['pidfile']` | `puma['pidfile']` | -| `unicorn['tcp_nopush']` | n/a | -| `unicorn['backlog_socket']` | n/a | -| `unicorn['somaxconn']` | `puma['somaxconn']` | -| n/a | `puma['state_path']` | -| `unicorn['log_directory']` | `puma['log_directory']` | -| `unicorn['worker_memory_limit_min']` | n/a | -| `unicorn['worker_memory_limit_max']` | `puma['per_worker_max_memory_mb']` | -| `unicorn['exporter_enabled']` | `puma['exporter_enabled']` | -| `unicorn['exporter_address']` | `puma['exporter_address']` | -| `unicorn['exporter_port']` | `puma['exporter_port']` | - -## Puma exporter - -You can use the Puma exporter to measure various Puma metrics. For more information, see -[Puma exporter](../monitoring/prometheus/puma_exporter.md). +To switch from Unicorn to Puma: + +1. Determine suitable Puma [worker and thread settings](../../install/requirements.md#puma-settings). +1. Convert any custom Unicorn settings to Puma. + + The table below summarizes which Unicorn configuration keys correspond to those + in Puma when using the Linux package, and which ones have no corresponding counterpart. + + | Unicorn | Puma | + | ------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------- | + | `unicorn['enable']` | `puma['enable']` | + | `unicorn['worker_timeout']` | `puma['worker_timeout']` | + | `unicorn['worker_processes']` | `puma['worker_processes']` | + | n/a | `puma['ha']` | + | n/a | `puma['min_threads']` | + | n/a | `puma['max_threads']` | + | `unicorn['listen']` | `puma['listen']` | + | `unicorn['port']` | `puma['port']` | + | `unicorn['socket']` | `puma['socket']` | + | `unicorn['pidfile']` | `puma['pidfile']` | + | `unicorn['tcp_nopush']` | n/a | + | `unicorn['backlog_socket']` | n/a | + | `unicorn['somaxconn']` | `puma['somaxconn']` | + | n/a | `puma['state_path']` | + | `unicorn['log_directory']` | `puma['log_directory']` | + | `unicorn['worker_memory_limit_min']` | n/a | + | `unicorn['worker_memory_limit_max']` | `puma['per_worker_max_memory_mb']` | + | `unicorn['exporter_enabled']` | `puma['exporter_enabled']` | + | `unicorn['exporter_address']` | `puma['exporter_address']` | + | `unicorn['exporter_port']` | `puma['exporter_port']` | + +1. Reconfigure GitLab: + + ```shell + sudo gitlab-ctl reconfigure + ``` + +1. Optional. For multi-node deployments, configure the load balancer to use the + [readiness check](../load_balancer.md#readiness-check). + +## Related topics + +- [Use the Puma exporter to measure various Puma metrics](../monitoring/prometheus/puma_exporter.md) |