1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
|
---
stage: Verify
group: Continuous Integration
info: To determine the technical writer assigned to the Stage/Group associated with this page, see https://about.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/ux/technical-writing/#designated-technical-writers
type: reference
---
# GitLab CI/CD pipeline configuration reference
GitLab CI/CD [pipelines](../pipelines/index.md) are configured using a YAML file called `.gitlab-ci.yml` within each project.
The `.gitlab-ci.yml` file defines the structure and order of the pipelines and determines:
- What to execute using [GitLab Runner](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/).
- What decisions to make when specific conditions are encountered. For example, when a process succeeds or fails.
This topic covers CI/CD pipeline configuration. For other CI/CD configuration information, see:
- [GitLab CI/CD Variables](../variables/README.md), for configuring the environment the pipelines run in.
- [GitLab Runner advanced configuration](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/configuration/advanced-configuration.html), for configuring GitLab Runner.
We have complete examples of configuring pipelines:
- For a quick introduction to GitLab CI/CD, follow our [quick start guide](../quick_start/README.md).
- For a collection of examples, see [GitLab CI/CD Examples](../examples/README.md).
- To see a large `.gitlab-ci.yml` file used in an enterprise, see the [`.gitlab-ci.yml` file for `gitlab`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/blob/master/.gitlab-ci.yml).
> For some additional information about GitLab CI/CD:
>
> - <i class="fa fa-youtube-play youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i> Watch the [CI/CD Ease of configuration](https://www.youtube.com/embed/opdLqwz6tcE) video.
> - Watch the [Making the case for CI/CD in your organization](https://about.gitlab.com/compare/github-actions-alternative/)
> webcast to learn the benefits of CI/CD and how to measure the results of CI/CD automation.
> - <i class="fa fa-youtube-play youtube" aria-hidden="true"></i> Learn how [Verizon reduced rebuilds](https://about.gitlab.com/blog/2019/02/14/verizon-customer-story/)
> from 30 days to under 8 hours with GitLab.
NOTE: **Note:**
If you have a [mirrored repository that GitLab pulls from](../../user/project/repository/repository_mirroring.md#pulling-from-a-remote-repository-starter),
you may need to enable pipeline triggering. Go to your project's
**Settings > Repository > Pull from a remote repository > Trigger pipelines for mirror updates**.
## Introduction
Pipeline configuration begins with jobs. Jobs are the most fundamental element of a `.gitlab-ci.yml` file.
Jobs are:
- Defined with constraints stating under what conditions they should be executed.
- Top-level elements with an arbitrary name and must contain at least the [`script`](#script) clause.
- Not limited in how many can be defined.
For example:
```yaml
job1:
script: "execute-script-for-job1"
job2:
script: "execute-script-for-job2"
```
The above example is the simplest possible CI/CD configuration with two separate
jobs, where each of the jobs executes a different command.
Of course a command can execute code directly (`./configure;make;make install`)
or run a script (`test.sh`) in the repository.
Jobs are picked up by [runners](../runners/README.md) and executed within the
environment of the runner. What is important is that each job is run
independently from each other.
### Validate the `.gitlab-ci.yml`
Each instance of GitLab CI/CD has an embedded debug tool called Lint, which validates the
content of your `.gitlab-ci.yml` files. You can find the Lint under the page `ci/lint` of your
project namespace. For example, `https://gitlab.example.com/gitlab-org/project-123/-/ci/lint`.
### Unavailable names for jobs
Each job must have a unique name, but there are a few **reserved `keywords` that
can't be used as job names**:
- `image`
- `services`
- `stages`
- `types`
- `before_script`
- `after_script`
- `variables`
- `cache`
- `include`
### Using reserved keywords
If you get validation error when using specific values (for example, `true` or `false`), try to:
- Quote them.
- Change them to a different form. For example, `/bin/true`.
## Configuration parameters
A job is defined as a list of parameters that define the job's behavior.
The following table lists available parameters for jobs:
| Keyword | Description |
|:---------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| [`script`](#script) | Shell script that is executed by a runner. |
| [`after_script`](#before_script-and-after_script) | Override a set of commands that are executed after job. |
| [`allow_failure`](#allow_failure) | Allow job to fail. Failed job does not contribute to commit status. |
| [`artifacts`](#artifacts) | List of files and directories to attach to a job on success. Also available: `artifacts:paths`, `artifacts:exclude`, `artifacts:expose_as`, `artifacts:name`, `artifacts:untracked`, `artifacts:when`, `artifacts:expire_in`, `artifacts:reports`. |
| [`before_script`](#before_script-and-after_script) | Override a set of commands that are executed before job. |
| [`cache`](#cache) | List of files that should be cached between subsequent runs. Also available: `cache:paths`, `cache:key`, `cache:untracked`, and `cache:policy`. |
| [`coverage`](#coverage) | Code coverage settings for a given job. |
| [`dependencies`](#dependencies) | Restrict which artifacts are passed to a specific job by providing a list of jobs to fetch artifacts from. |
| [`environment`](#environment) | Name of an environment to which the job deploys. Also available: `environment:name`, `environment:url`, `environment:on_stop`, `environment:auto_stop_in` and `environment:action`. |
| [`except`](#onlyexcept-basic) | Limit when jobs are not created. Also available: [`except:refs`, `except:kubernetes`, `except:variables`, and `except:changes`](#onlyexcept-advanced). |
| [`extends`](#extends) | Configuration entries that this job inherits from. |
| [`image`](#image) | Use Docker images. Also available: `image:name` and `image:entrypoint`. |
| [`include`](#include) | Allows this job to include external YAML files. Also available: `include:local`, `include:file`, `include:template`, and `include:remote`. |
| [`interruptible`](#interruptible) | Defines if a job can be canceled when made redundant by a newer run. |
| [`only`](#onlyexcept-basic) | Limit when jobs are created. Also available: [`only:refs`, `only:kubernetes`, `only:variables`, and `only:changes`](#onlyexcept-advanced). |
| [`pages`](#pages) | Upload the result of a job to use with GitLab Pages. |
| [`parallel`](#parallel) | How many instances of a job should be run in parallel. |
| [`release`](#release) | Instructs the runner to generate a [Release](../../user/project/releases/index.md) object. |
| [`resource_group`](#resource_group) | Limit job concurrency. |
| [`retry`](#retry) | When and how many times a job can be auto-retried in case of a failure. |
| [`rules`](#rules) | List of conditions to evaluate and determine selected attributes of a job, and whether or not it's created. May not be used alongside `only`/`except`. |
| [`services`](#services) | Use Docker services images. Also available: `services:name`, `services:alias`, `services:entrypoint`, and `services:command`. |
| [`stage`](#stage) | Defines a job stage (default: `test`). |
| [`tags`](#tags) | List of tags that are used to select a runner. |
| [`timeout`](#timeout) | Define a custom job-level timeout that takes precedence over the project-wide setting. |
| [`trigger`](#trigger) | Defines a downstream pipeline trigger. |
| [`variables`](#variables) | Define job variables on a job level. |
| [`when`](#when) | When to run job. Also available: `when:manual` and `when:delayed`. |
## Global parameters
Some parameters must be defined at a global level, affecting all jobs in the pipeline.
### Global defaults
Some parameters can be set globally as the default for all jobs using the
`default:` keyword. Default parameters can then be overridden by job-specific
configuration.
The following job parameters can be defined inside a `default:` block:
- [`image`](#image)
- [`services`](#services)
- [`before_script`](#before_script-and-after_script)
- [`after_script`](#before_script-and-after_script)
- [`tags`](#tags)
- [`cache`](#cache)
- [`artifacts`](#artifacts)
- [`retry`](#retry)
- [`timeout`](#timeout)
- [`interruptible`](#interruptible)
In the following example, the `ruby:2.5` image is set as the default for all
jobs except the `rspec 2.6` job, which uses the `ruby:2.6` image:
```yaml
default:
image: ruby:2.5
rspec:
script: bundle exec rspec
rspec 2.6:
image: ruby:2.6
script: bundle exec rspec
```
#### `inherit`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/207484) in GitLab 12.9.
You can disable inheritance of globally defined defaults
and variables with the `inherit:` parameter.
To enable or disable the inheritance of all `variables:` or `default:` parameters, use the following format:
- `default: true` or `default: false`
- `variables: true` or `variables: false`
To inherit only a subset of `default:` parameters or `variables:`, specify what
you wish to inherit, and any not listed will **not** be inherited. Use
one of the following formats:
```yaml
inherit:
default: [parameter1, parameter2]
variables: [VARIABLE1, VARIABLE2]
```
Or:
```yaml
inherit:
default:
- parameter1
- parameter2
variables:
- VARIABLE1
- VARIABLE2
```
In the example below:
- `rubocop`:
- **will** inherit: Nothing.
- `rspec`:
- **will** inherit: the default `image` and the `WEBHOOK_URL` variable.
- will **not** inherit: the default `before_script` and the `DOMAIN` variable.
- `capybara`:
- **will** inherit: the default `before_script` and `image`.
- will **not** inherit: the `DOMAIN` and `WEBHOOK_URL` variables.
- `karma`:
- **will** inherit: the default `image` and `before_script`, and the `DOMAIN` variable.
- will **not** inherit: `WEBHOOK_URL` variable.
```yaml
default:
image: 'ruby:2.4'
before_script:
- echo Hello World
variables:
DOMAIN: example.com
WEBHOOK_URL: https://my-webhook.example.com
rubocop:
inherit:
default: false
variables: false
script: bundle exec rubocop
rspec:
inherit:
default: [image]
variables: [WEBHOOK_URL]
script: bundle exec rspec
capybara:
inherit:
variables: false
script: bundle exec capybara
karma:
inherit:
default: true
variables: [DOMAIN]
script: karma
```
### `stages`
`stages` is used to define stages that contain jobs and is defined
globally for the pipeline.
The specification of `stages` allows for having flexible multi stage pipelines.
The ordering of elements in `stages` defines the ordering of jobs' execution:
1. Jobs of the same stage are run in parallel.
1. Jobs of the next stage are run after the jobs from the previous stage
complete successfully.
Let's consider the following example, which defines 3 stages:
```yaml
stages:
- build
- test
- deploy
```
1. First, all jobs of `build` are executed in parallel.
1. If all jobs of `build` succeed, the `test` jobs are executed in parallel.
1. If all jobs of `test` succeed, the `deploy` jobs are executed in parallel.
1. If all jobs of `deploy` succeed, the commit is marked as `passed`.
1. If any of the previous jobs fails, the commit is marked as `failed` and no
jobs of further stage are executed.
There are also two edge cases worth mentioning:
1. If no `stages` are defined in `.gitlab-ci.yml`, then the `build`,
`test` and `deploy` are allowed to be used as job's stage by default.
1. If a job does not specify a `stage`, the job is assigned the `test` stage.
### `workflow:rules`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/29654) in GitLab 12.5
The top-level `workflow:` key applies to the entirety of a pipeline, and
determines whether or not a pipeline is created. It accepts a single
`rules:` key that operates similarly to [`rules:` defined within jobs](#rules),
enabling dynamic configuration of the pipeline.
If you are new to GitLab CI/CD and `workflow: rules`, you may find the [`workflow:rules` templates](#workflowrules-templates) useful.
To define your own `workflow: rules`, the available configuration options are:
- [`if`](#rulesif): Define a rule.
- [`when`](#when): May be set to `always` or `never` only. If not provided, the default value is `always`.
If a pipeline attempts to run but matches no rule, it's dropped and doesn't run.
Use the example rules below exactly as written to allow pipelines that match the rule
to run. Add `when: never` to prevent pipelines that match the rule from running. See
the [common `if` clauses for `rules`](#common-if-clauses-for-rules) for more examples.
| Example rules | Details |
|------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|
| `if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"'` | Control when merge request pipelines run. |
| `if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "push"'` | Control when both branch pipelines and tag pipelines run. |
| `if: $CI_COMMIT_TAG` | Control when tag pipelines run. |
| `if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH` | Control when branch pipelines run. |
For example, in the following configuration, pipelines run for all `push` events (changes to
branches and new tags). Only push events with `-wip` in the commit message are excluded. Scheduled
pipelines and merge request pipelines don't run, as there's no rule allowing them.
```yaml
workflow:
rules:
- if: $CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME =~ /-wip$/
when: never
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "push"'
```
This example has strict rules, and no other pipelines can run.
Alternatively, you can have loose rules by using only `when: never` rules, followed
by a final `when: always` rule. This allows all types of pipelines, except for any
that match the `when: never` rules:
```yaml
workflow:
rules:
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "schedule"'
when: never
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "push"'
when: never
- when: always
```
This example never allows pipelines for schedules or `push` (branches and tags) pipelines,
but does allow pipelines in **all** other cases, *including* merge request pipelines.
As with `rules` defined in jobs, be careful not to use a configuration that allows
merge request pipelines and branch pipelines to run at the same time, or you could
have [duplicate pipelines](#prevent-duplicate-pipelines).
#### `workflow:rules` templates
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/217732) in GitLab 13.0.
We provide pre-made templates for use with your pipelines that set up `workflow: rules`
for common scenarios. Usage of these will make things easier and prevent duplicate pipelines from running.
The [`Branch-Pipelines` template](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/tree/master/lib/gitlab/ci/templates/Workflows/Branch-Pipelines.gitlab-ci.yml)
makes your pipelines run for branches and tags.
Branch pipeline status will be displayed within merge requests that use that branch
as a source, but this pipeline type does not support any features offered by
[Merge Request Pipelines](../merge_request_pipelines/) like
[Pipelines for Merge Results](../merge_request_pipelines/#pipelines-for-merged-results-premium)
or [Merge Trains](../merge_request_pipelines/pipelines_for_merged_results/merge_trains/).
Use this template if you are intentionally avoiding those features.
It is [included](#include) as follows:
```yaml
include:
- template: 'Workflows/Branch-Pipelines.gitlab-ci.yml'
```
The [`MergeRequest-Pipelines` template](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/tree/master/lib/gitlab/ci/templates/Workflows/MergeRequest-Pipelines.gitlab-ci.yml)
makes your pipelines run for the default branch (usually `master`), tags, and
all types of merge request pipelines. Use this template if you use any of the
the [Pipelines for Merge Requests features](../merge_request_pipelines/), as mentioned
above.
It is [included](#include) as follows:
```yaml
include:
- template: 'Workflows/MergeRequest-Pipelines.gitlab-ci.yml'
```
### `include`
> - Introduced in [GitLab Premium](https://about.gitlab.com/pricing/) 10.5.
> - Available for Starter, Premium and Ultimate since 10.6.
> - [Moved](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/42861) to GitLab Core in 11.4.
Using the `include` keyword allows the inclusion of external YAML files. This helps
to break down the CI/CD configuration into multiple files and increases readability for long configuration files.
It's also possible to have template files stored in a central repository and projects include their
configuration files. This helps avoid duplicated configuration, for example, global default variables for all projects.
`include` requires the external YAML file to have the extensions `.yml` or `.yaml`,
otherwise the external file is not included.
`include` supports the following inclusion methods:
| Method | Description |
|:--------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------|
| [`local`](#includelocal) | Include a file from the local project repository. |
| [`file`](#includefile) | Include a file from a different project repository. |
| [`remote`](#includeremote) | Include a file from a remote URL. Must be publicly accessible. |
| [`template`](#includetemplate) | Include templates that are provided by GitLab. |
The `include` methods do not support [variable expansion](../variables/where_variables_can_be_used.md#variables-usage).
NOTE: **Note:**
`.gitlab-ci.yml` configuration included by all methods is evaluated at pipeline creation.
The configuration is a snapshot in time and persisted in the database. Any changes to
referenced `.gitlab-ci.yml` configuration is not reflected in GitLab until the next pipeline is created.
The files defined by `include` are:
- Deep merged with those in `.gitlab-ci.yml`.
- Always evaluated first and merged with the content of `.gitlab-ci.yml`,
regardless of the position of the `include` keyword.
TIP: **Tip:**
Use merging to customize and override included CI/CD configurations with local
definitions. Local definitions in `.gitlab-ci.yml` override included definitions.
NOTE: **Note:**
Using [YAML anchors](#anchors) across different YAML files sourced by `include` is not
supported. You must only refer to anchors in the same file. Instead
of using YAML anchors, you can use the [`extends` keyword](#extends).
#### `include:local`
`include:local` includes a file from the same repository as `.gitlab-ci.yml`.
It's referenced using full paths relative to the root directory (`/`).
You can only use files that are tracked by Git on the same branch
your configuration file is on. In other words, when using a `include:local`, make
sure that both `.gitlab-ci.yml` and the local file are on the same branch.
All [nested includes](#nested-includes) are executed in the scope of the same project,
so it's possible to use local, project, remote, or template includes.
NOTE: **Note:**
Including local files through Git submodules paths is not supported.
Example:
```yaml
include:
- local: '/templates/.gitlab-ci-template.yml'
```
TIP: **Tip:**
Local includes can be used as a replacement for symbolic links that are not followed.
This can be defined as a short local include:
```yaml
include: '.gitlab-ci-production.yml'
```
#### `include:file`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/53903) in GitLab 11.7.
To include files from another private project under the same GitLab instance,
use `include:file`. This file is referenced using full paths relative to the
root directory (`/`). For example:
```yaml
include:
- project: 'my-group/my-project'
file: '/templates/.gitlab-ci-template.yml'
```
You can also specify `ref`, with the default being the `HEAD` of the project:
```yaml
include:
- project: 'my-group/my-project'
ref: master
file: '/templates/.gitlab-ci-template.yml'
- project: 'my-group/my-project'
ref: v1.0.0
file: '/templates/.gitlab-ci-template.yml'
- project: 'my-group/my-project'
ref: 787123b47f14b552955ca2786bc9542ae66fee5b # Git SHA
file: '/templates/.gitlab-ci-template.yml'
```
All [nested includes](#nested-includes) are executed in the scope of the target project,
so it's possible to use local (relative to target project), project, remote
or template includes.
#### `include:remote`
`include:remote` can be used to include a file from a different location,
using HTTP/HTTPS, referenced by using the full URL. The remote file must be
publicly accessible through a simple GET request as authentication schemas
in the remote URL are not supported. For example:
```yaml
include:
- remote: 'https://gitlab.com/awesome-project/raw/master/.gitlab-ci-template.yml'
```
All [nested includes](#nested-includes) are executed without context as public user, so only another remote
or public project, or template, is allowed.
#### `include:template`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/53445) in GitLab 11.7.
`include:template` can be used to include `.gitlab-ci.yml` templates that are
[shipped with GitLab](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/tree/master/lib/gitlab/ci/templates).
For example:
```yaml
# File sourced from GitLab's template collection
include:
- template: Auto-DevOps.gitlab-ci.yml
```
Multiple `include:template` files:
```yaml
include:
- template: Android-Fastlane.gitlab-ci.yml
- template: Auto-DevOps.gitlab-ci.yml
```
All [nested includes](#nested-includes) are executed only with the permission of the user,
so it's possible to use project, remote or template includes.
#### Nested includes
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/56836) in GitLab 11.9.
Nested includes allow you to compose a set of includes.
A total of 100 includes is allowed, but duplicate includes are considered a configuration error.
Since [GitLab 12.4](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/28212), the time limit
for resolving all files is 30 seconds.
#### Additional `includes` examples
There is a list of [additional `includes` examples](includes.md) available.
## Parameter details
The following are detailed explanations for parameters used to configure CI/CD pipelines.
### `image`
Used to specify [a Docker image](../docker/using_docker_images.md#what-is-an-image) to use for the job.
For:
- Simple definition examples, see [Define `image` and `services` from `.gitlab-ci.yml`](../docker/using_docker_images.md#define-image-and-services-from-gitlab-ciyml).
- Detailed usage information, refer to [Docker integration](../docker/README.md) documentation.
#### `image:name`
An [extended Docker configuration option](../docker/using_docker_images.md#extended-docker-configuration-options).
For more information, see [Available settings for `image`](../docker/using_docker_images.md#available-settings-for-image).
#### `image:entrypoint`
An [extended Docker configuration option](../docker/using_docker_images.md#extended-docker-configuration-options).
For more information, see [Available settings for `image`](../docker/using_docker_images.md#available-settings-for-image).
#### `services`
Used to specify a [service Docker image](../docker/using_docker_images.md#what-is-a-service), linked to a base image specified in [`image`](#image).
For:
- Simple definition examples, see [Define `image` and `services` from `.gitlab-ci.yml`](../docker/using_docker_images.md#define-image-and-services-from-gitlab-ciyml).
- Detailed usage information, refer to [Docker integration](../docker/README.md) documentation.
- For example services, see [GitLab CI/CD Services](../services/README.md).
##### `services:name`
An [extended Docker configuration option](../docker/using_docker_images.md#extended-docker-configuration-options).
For more information, see [Available settings for `services`](../docker/using_docker_images.md#available-settings-for-services).
##### `services:alias`
An [extended Docker configuration option](../docker/using_docker_images.md#extended-docker-configuration-options).
For more information, see [Available settings for `services`](../docker/using_docker_images.md#available-settings-for-services).
##### `services:entrypoint`
An [extended Docker configuration option](../docker/using_docker_images.md#extended-docker-configuration-options).
For more information, see [Available settings for `services`](../docker/using_docker_images.md#available-settings-for-services).
##### `services:command`
An [extended Docker configuration option](../docker/using_docker_images.md#extended-docker-configuration-options).
For more information, see [Available settings for `services`](../docker/using_docker_images.md#available-settings-for-services).
### `script`
`script` is the only required keyword that a job needs. It's a shell script
that is executed by the runner. For example:
```yaml
job:
script: "bundle exec rspec"
```
[YAML anchors for scripts](#yaml-anchors-for-script) are available.
This parameter can also contain several commands using an array:
```yaml
job:
script:
- uname -a
- bundle exec rspec
```
NOTE: **Note:**
Sometimes, `script` commands must be wrapped in single or double quotes.
For example, commands that contain a colon (`:`) must be wrapped in quotes so
that the YAML parser knows to interpret the whole thing as a string rather than
a "key: value" pair. Be careful when using special characters:
`:`, `{`, `}`, `[`, `]`, `,`, `&`, `*`, `#`, `?`, `|`, `-`, `<`, `>`, `=`, `!`, `%`, `@`, `` ` ``.
If any of the script commands return an exit code other than zero, the job
fails and further commands are not executed. You can avoid this behavior by
storing the exit code in a variable:
```yaml
job:
script:
- false || exit_code=$?
- if [ $exit_code -ne 0 ]; then echo "Previous command failed"; fi;
```
#### `before_script` and `after_script`
> Introduced in GitLab 8.7 and requires GitLab Runner v1.2.
`before_script` is used to define a command that should be run before each
job, including deploy jobs, but after the restoration of any [artifacts](#artifacts).
This must be an array.
Scripts specified in `before_script` are concatenated with any scripts specified
in the main [`script`](#script), and executed together in a single shell.
`after_script` is used to define the command that runs after each
job, including failed ones. This must be an array.
Scripts specified in `after_script` are executed in a new shell, separate from any
`before_script` or `script` scripts. As a result, they:
- Have a current working directory set back to the default.
- Have no access to changes done by scripts defined in `before_script` or `script`, including:
- Command aliases and variables exported in `script` scripts.
- Changes outside of the working tree (depending on the runner executor), like
software installed by a `before_script` or `script` script.
- Have a separate timeout, which is hard coded to 5 minutes. See
[related issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/issues/2716) for details.
- Don't affect the job's exit code. If the `script` section succeeds and the
`after_script` times out or fails, the job exits with code `0` (`Job Succeeded`).
It's possible to overwrite a globally defined `before_script` or `after_script`
if you set it per-job:
```yaml
default:
before_script:
- global before script
job:
before_script:
- execute this instead of global before script
script:
- my command
after_script:
- execute this after my script
```
[YAML anchors for `before_script` and `after_script`](#yaml-anchors-for-before_script-and-after_script) are available.
#### Coloring script output
Script output can be colored using [ANSI escape codes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code#Colors),
or by running commands or programs that output ANSI escape codes.
For example, using [Bash with color codes](https://misc.flogisoft.com/bash/tip_colors_and_formatting):
```yaml
job:
script:
- echo -e "\e[31mThis text is red,\e[0m but this text isn't\e[31m however this text is red again."
```
You can define the color codes in Shell variables, or even [custom environment variables](../variables/README.md#custom-environment-variables),
which makes the commands easier to read and reusable.
For example, using the same example as above and variables defined in a `before_script`:
```yaml
job:
before_script:
- TXT_RED="\e[31m" && TXT_CLEAR="\e[0m"
script:
- echo -e "${TXT_RED}This text is red,${TXT_CLEAR} but this part isn't${TXT_RED} however this part is again."
- echo "This text is not colored"
```
Or with [PowerShell color codes](https://superuser.com/a/1259916):
```yaml
job:
before_script:
- $esc="$([char]27)"; $TXT_RED="$esc[31m"; $TXT_CLEAR="$esc[0m"
script:
- Write-Host $TXT_RED"This text is red,"$TXT_CLEAR" but this text isn't"$TXT_RED" however this text is red again."
- Write-Host "This text is not colored"
```
#### Multi-line commands
You can split long commands into multi-line commands to improve readability
using [`|` (literal) and `>` (folded) YAML multi-line block scalar indicators](https://yaml-multiline.info/).
CAUTION: **Warning:**
If multiple commands are combined into one command string, only the last command's
failure or success is reported,
[incorrectly ignoring failures from earlier commands due to a bug](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/issues/25394).
If the success of the job depends on the success or failure of these commands,
you can run the commands as separate `script:` items, or add `exit 1` commands
as appropriate to the command string where needed.
You can use the `|` (literal) YAML multiline block scalar indicator to write
commands over multiple lines in the `script` section of a job description.
Each line is treated as a separate command.
Only the first command is repeated in the job log, but additional
commands are still executed:
```yaml
job:
script:
- |
echo "First command line."
echo "Second command line."
echo "Third command line."
```
The example above renders in the job log as:
```shell
$ echo First command line # collapsed multi-line command
First command line
Second command line.
Third command line.
```
The `>` (folded) YAML multiline block scalar indicator treats empty lines between
sections as the start of a new command:
```yaml
job:
script:
- >
echo "First command line
is split over two lines."
echo "Second command line."
```
This behaves similarly to writing multiline commands without the `>` or `|` block
scalar indicators:
```yaml
job:
script:
- echo "First command line
is split over two lines."
echo "Second command line."
```
Both examples above render in the job log as:
```shell
$ echo First command line is split over two lines. # collapsed multi-line command
First command line is split over two lines.
Second command line.
```
When you omit the `>` or `|` block scalar indicators, GitLab forms the command
by concatenating non-empty lines, so make sure the lines can run when concatenated.
Shell [here documents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_document) work with the
`|` and `>` operators as well. The example below transliterates the lower case letters
to upper case:
```yaml
job:
script:
- |
tr a-z A-Z << END_TEXT
one two three
four five six
END_TEXT
```
Results in:
```shell
$ tr a-z A-Z << END_TEXT # collapsed multi-line command
ONE TWO THREE
FOUR FIVE SIX
```
#### Custom collapsible sections
See [custom collapsible sections](../pipelines/index.md#custom-collapsible-sections).
### `stage`
`stage` is defined per-job and relies on [`stages`](#stages), which is defined
globally. It allows to group jobs into different stages, and jobs of the same
`stage` are executed in parallel (subject to [certain conditions](#using-your-own-runners)). For example:
```yaml
stages:
- build
- test
- deploy
job 0:
stage: .pre
script: make something useful before build stage
job 1:
stage: build
script: make build dependencies
job 2:
stage: build
script: make build artifacts
job 3:
stage: test
script: make test
job 4:
stage: deploy
script: make deploy
job 5:
stage: .post
script: make something useful at the end of pipeline
```
#### Using your own runners
When you use your own runners, GitLab Runner runs only one job at a time by default. See the
`concurrent` flag in [runner global settings](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/configuration/advanced-configuration.html#the-global-section)
for more information.
Jobs run on your own runners in parallel only if:
- Run on different runners.
- The runner's `concurrent` setting has been changed.
#### `.pre` and `.post`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/31441) in GitLab 12.4.
The following stages are available to every pipeline:
- `.pre`, which is guaranteed to always be the first stage in a pipeline.
- `.post`, which is guaranteed to always be the last stage in a pipeline.
User-defined stages are executed after `.pre` and before `.post`.
The order of `.pre` and `.post` can't be changed, even if defined out of order in `.gitlab-ci.yml`.
For example, the following are equivalent configuration:
- Configured in order:
```yaml
stages:
- .pre
- a
- b
- .post
```
- Configured out of order:
```yaml
stages:
- a
- .pre
- b
- .post
```
- Not explicitly configured:
```yaml
stages:
- a
- b
```
NOTE: **Note:**
A pipeline is not created if all jobs are in `.pre` or `.post` stages.
### `extends`
> Introduced in GitLab 11.3.
`extends` defines entry names that a job that uses `extends`
inherits from.
It's an alternative to using [YAML anchors](#anchors) and is a little
more flexible and readable:
```yaml
.tests:
script: rake test
stage: test
only:
refs:
- branches
rspec:
extends: .tests
script: rake rspec
only:
variables:
- $RSPEC
```
In the example above, the `rspec` job inherits from the `.tests` template job.
GitLab performs a reverse deep merge based on the keys. GitLab:
- Merges the `rspec` contents into `.tests` recursively.
- Doesn't merge the values of the keys.
The result is this `rspec` job:
```yaml
rspec:
script: rake rspec
stage: test
only:
refs:
- branches
variables:
- $RSPEC
```
NOTE: **Note:**
Note that `script: rake test` has been overwritten by `script: rake rspec`.
If you do want to include the `rake test`, see [`before_script` and `after_script`](#before_script-and-after_script).
`.tests` in this example is a [hidden job](#hide-jobs), but it's
possible to inherit from regular jobs as well.
`extends` supports multi-level inheritance. You should avoid using more than 3 levels,
but you can use as many as eleven.
The following example has two levels of inheritance:
```yaml
.tests:
only:
- pushes
.rspec:
extends: .tests
script: rake rspec
rspec 1:
variables:
RSPEC_SUITE: '1'
extends: .rspec
rspec 2:
variables:
RSPEC_SUITE: '2'
extends: .rspec
spinach:
extends: .tests
script: rake spinach
```
In GitLab 12.0 and later, it's also possible to use multiple parents for
`extends`.
#### Merge details
`extends` is able to merge hashes but not arrays.
The algorithm used for merge is "closest scope wins", so
keys from the last member always override anything defined on other
levels. For example:
```yaml
.only-important:
variables:
URL: "http://my-url.internal"
IMPORTANT_VAR: "the details"
only:
- master
- stable
tags:
- production
script:
- echo "Hello world!"
.in-docker:
variables:
URL: "http://docker-url.internal"
tags:
- docker
image: alpine
rspec:
variables:
GITLAB: "is-awesome"
extends:
- .only-important
- .in-docker
script:
- rake rspec
```
This results in the following `rspec` job:
```yaml
rspec:
variables:
URL: "http://docker-url.internal"
IMPORTANT_VAR: "the details"
GITLAB: "is-awesome"
only:
- master
- stable
tags:
- docker
image: alpine
script:
- rake rspec
```
Note that in the example above:
- `variables` sections have been merged but that `URL: "http://my-url.internal"`
has been overwritten by `URL: "http://docker-url.internal"`.
- `tags: ['production']` has been overwritten by `tags: ['docker']`.
- `script` has not been merged but rather `script: ['echo "Hello world!"']` has
been overwritten by `script: ['rake rspec']`. Arrays can be
merged using [YAML anchors](#anchors).
#### Using `extends` and `include` together
`extends` works across configuration files combined with `include`.
For example, if you have a local `included.yml` file:
```yaml
.template:
script:
- echo Hello!
```
Then, in `.gitlab-ci.yml` you can use it like this:
```yaml
include: included.yml
useTemplate:
image: alpine
extends: .template
```
This example runs a job called `useTemplate` that runs `echo Hello!` as defined in
the `.template` job, and uses the `alpine` Docker image as defined in the local job.
### `rules`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/27863) in GitLab 12.3.
The `rules` keyword can be used to include or exclude jobs in pipelines.
Rules are evaluated *in order* until the first match. When matched, the job
is either included or excluded from the pipeline, depending on the configuration.
If included, the job also has [certain attributes](#rules-attributes)
added to it.
CAUTION: **Caution:**
`rules` replaces [`only/except`](#onlyexcept-basic) and can't be used in conjunction with it.
If you attempt to use both keywords in the same job, the linter returns a
`key may not be used with rules` error.
#### Rules attributes
The job attributes allowed by `rules` are:
- [`when`](#when): If not defined, defaults to `when: on_success`.
- If used as `when: delayed`, `start_in` is also required.
- [`allow_failure`](#allow_failure): If not defined, defaults to `allow_failure: false`.
If a rule evaluates to true, and `when` has any value except `never`, the job is included in the pipeline.
For example:
```yaml
docker build:
script: docker build -t my-image:$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG .
rules:
- if: '$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "master"'
when: delayed
start_in: '3 hours'
allow_failure: true
```
Additional job configuration may be added to rules in the future. If something
useful is not available, please [open an issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues).
#### Rules clauses
Available rule clauses are:
| Clause | Description |
|----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| [`if`](#rulesif) | Add or exclude jobs from a pipeline by evaluating an `if` statement. Similar to [`only:variables`](#onlyvariablesexceptvariables). |
| [`changes`](#ruleschanges) | Add or exclude jobs from a pipeline based on what files are changed. Same as [`only:changes`](#onlychangesexceptchanges). |
| [`exists`](#rulesexists) | Add or exclude jobs from a pipeline based on the presence of specific files. |
Rules are evaluated in order until a match is found. If a match is found, the attributes
are checked to see if the job should be added to the pipeline. If no attributes are defined,
the defaults are:
- `when: on_success`
- `allow_failure: false`
The job is added to the pipeline:
- If a rule matches and has `when: on_success`, `when: delayed` or `when: always`.
- If no rules match, but the last clause is `when: on_success`, `when: delayed`
or `when: always` (with no rule).
The job is not added to the pipeline:
- If no rules match, and there is no standalone `when: on_success`, `when: delayed` or
`when: always`.
- If a rule matches, and has `when: never` as the attribute.
For example, using `if` clauses to strictly limit when jobs run:
```yaml
job:
script: "echo Hello, Rules!"
rules:
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"'
when: manual
allow_failure: true
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "schedule"'
```
In this example:
- If the pipeline is for a merge request, the first rule matches, and the job
is added to the [merge request pipeline](../merge_request_pipelines/index.md)
with attributes of:
- `when: manual` (manual job)
- `allow_failure: true` (allows the pipeline to continue running even if the manual job is not run)
- If the pipeline is **not** for a merge request, the first rule doesn't match, and the
second rule is evaluated.
- If the pipeline is a scheduled pipeline, the second rule matches, and the job
is added to the scheduled pipeline. Since no attributes were defined, it is added
with:
- `when: on_success` (default)
- `allow_failure: false` (default)
- In **all other cases**, no rules match, so the job is **not** added to any other pipeline.
Alternatively, you can define a set of rules to exclude jobs in a few cases, but
run them in all other cases:
```yaml
job:
script: "echo Hello, Rules!"
rules:
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"'
when: never
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "schedule"'
when: never
- when: on_success
```
- If the pipeline is for a merge request, the job is **not** be added to the pipeline.
- If the pipeline is a scheduled pipeline, the job is **not** be added to the pipeline.
- In **all other cases**, the job is added to the pipeline, with `when: on_success`.
CAUTION: **Caution:**
If you use a `when:` clause as the final rule (not including `when: never`), two
simultaneous pipelines may start. Both push pipelines and merge request pipelines can
be triggered by the same event (a push to the source branch for an open merge request).
See how to [prevent duplicate pipelines](#prevent-duplicate-pipelines)
for more details.
#### Prevent duplicate pipelines
Jobs defined with `rules` can trigger multiple pipelines with the same action. You
don't have to explicitly configure rules for each type of pipeline to trigger them
accidentally. Rules that are too loose (allowing too many types of pipelines) could
cause a second pipeline to run unexpectedly.
Some configurations that have the potential to cause duplicate pipelines cause a
[pipeline warning](../troubleshooting.md#pipeline-warnings) to be displayed.
[Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/219431) in GitLab 13.3.
For example:
```yaml
job:
script: "echo This creates double pipelines!"
rules:
- if: '$CUSTOM_VARIABLE == "false"'
when: never
- when: always
```
This job does not run when `$CUSTOM_VARIABLE` is false, but it *does* run in **all**
other pipelines, including **both** push (branch) and merge request pipelines. With
this configuration, every push to an open merge request's source branch
causes duplicated pipelines.
There are multiple ways to avoid this:
- Use [`workflow: rules`](#workflowrules) to specify which types of pipelines
can run. To eliminate duplicate pipelines, allow only merge request pipelines
or push (branch) pipelines.
- Rewrite the rules to run the job only in very specific cases,
and avoid using a final `when:` rule:
```yaml
job:
script: "echo This does NOT create double pipelines!"
rules:
- if: '$CUSTOM_VARIABLE == "true" && $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"'
```
You can prevent duplicate pipelines by changing the job rules to avoid either push (branch)
pipelines or merge request pipelines. However, if you use a `- when: always` rule without
`workflow: rules`, GitLab still displays a [pipeline warning](../troubleshooting.md#pipeline-warnings).
For example, the following does not trigger double pipelines, but is not recommended
without `workflow: rules`:
```yaml
job:
script: "echo This does NOT create double pipelines!"
rules:
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "push"'
when: never
- when: always
```
Do not include both push and merge request pipelines in the same job:
```yaml
job:
script: "echo This creates double pipelines!"
rules:
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "push"'
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"'
```
Also, do not mix `only/except` jobs with `rules` jobs in the same pipeline.
It may not cause YAML errors, but the different default behaviors of `only/except`
and `rules` can cause issues that are difficult to troubleshoot:
```yaml
job-with-no-rules:
script: "echo This job runs in branch pipelines."
job-with-rules:
script: "echo This job runs in merge request pipelines."
rules:
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"'
```
For every change pushed to the branch, duplicate pipelines run. One
branch pipeline runs a single job (`job-with-no-rules`), and one merge request pipeline
runs the other job (`job-with-rules`). Jobs with no rules default
to [`except: merge_requests`](#onlyexcept-basic), so `job-with-no-rules`
runs in all cases except merge requests.
It is not possible to define rules based on whether or not a branch has an open
merge request associated with it. You can't configure a job to be included in:
- Only branch pipelines when the branch doesn't have a merge request associated with it.
- Only merge request pipelines when the branch has a merge request associated with it.
See the [related issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/201845) for more details.
#### `rules:if`
`rules:if` clauses determine whether or not jobs are added to a pipeline by evaluating
a simple `if` statement. If the `if` statement is true, the job is either included
or excluded from a pipeline. In plain English, `if` rules can be interpreted as one of:
- "If this rule evaluates to true, add the job" (default).
- "If this rule evaluates to true, do not add the job" (by adding `when: never`).
`rules:if` differs slightly from `only:variables` by accepting only a single
expression string per rule, rather than an array of them. Any set of expressions to be
evaluated can be [conjoined into a single expression](../variables/README.md#conjunction--disjunction)
by using `&&` or `||`, and use
the [variable matching syntax](../variables/README.md#syntax-of-environment-variable-expressions).
Unlike variables in [`script`](../variables/README.md#syntax-of-environment-variables-in-job-scripts)
sections, variables in rules expressions are always formatted as `$VARIABLE`.
`if:` clauses are evaluated based on the values of [predefined environment variables](../variables/predefined_variables.md)
or [custom environment variables](../variables/README.md#custom-environment-variables).
For example:
```yaml
job:
script: "echo Hello, Rules!"
rules:
- if: '$CI_MERGE_REQUEST_SOURCE_BRANCH_NAME =~ /^feature/ && $CI_MERGE_REQUEST_TARGET_BRANCH_NAME == "master"'
when: always
- if: '$CI_MERGE_REQUEST_SOURCE_BRANCH_NAME =~ /^feature/'
when: manual
allow_failure: true
- if: '$CI_MERGE_REQUEST_SOURCE_BRANCH_NAME' # Checking for the presence of a variable is possible
```
Some details regarding the logic that determines the `when` for the job:
- If none of the provided rules match, the job is set to `when: never` and is
not included in the pipeline.
- A rule without any conditional clause, such as a `when` or `allow_failure`
rule without `if` or `changes`, always matches, and is always used if reached.
- If a rule matches and has no `when` defined, the rule uses the `when`
defined for the job, which defaults to `on_success` if not defined.
- You can define `when` once per rule, or once at the job-level, which applies to
all rules. You can't mix `when` at the job-level with `when` in rules.
##### Common `if` clauses for `rules`
For behavior similar to the [`only`/`except` keywords](#onlyexcept-basic), you can
check the value of the `$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE` variable:
| Value | Description |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `api` | For pipelines triggered by the [pipelines API](../../api/pipelines.md#create-a-new-pipeline). |
| `chat` | For pipelines created by using a [GitLab ChatOps](../chatops/README.md) command. |
| `external` | When using CI services other than GitLab. |
| `external_pull_request_event` | When an external pull request on GitHub is created or updated. See [Pipelines for external pull requests](../ci_cd_for_external_repos/index.md#pipelines-for-external-pull-requests). |
| `merge_request_event` | For pipelines created when a merge request is created or updated. Required to enable [merge request pipelines](../merge_request_pipelines/index.md), [merged results pipelines](../merge_request_pipelines/pipelines_for_merged_results/index.md), and [merge trains](../merge_request_pipelines/pipelines_for_merged_results/merge_trains/index.md). |
| `parent_pipeline` | For pipelines triggered by a [parent/child pipeline](../parent_child_pipelines.md) with `rules`, use this in the child pipeline configuration so that it can be triggered by the parent pipeline. |
| `pipeline` | For [multi-project pipelines](../multi_project_pipelines.md) created by [using the API with `CI_JOB_TOKEN`](../multi_project_pipelines.md#triggering-multi-project-pipelines-through-api), or the [`trigger`](#trigger) keyword. |
| `push` | For pipelines triggered by a `git push` event, including for branches and tags. |
| `schedule` | For [scheduled pipelines](../pipelines/schedules.md). |
| `trigger` | For pipelines created by using a [trigger token](../triggers/README.md#trigger-token). |
| `web` | For pipelines created by using **Run pipeline** button in the GitLab UI, from the project's **CI/CD > Pipelines** section. |
| `webide` | For pipelines created by using the [WebIDE](../../user/project/web_ide/index.md). |
For example:
```yaml
job:
script: "echo Hello, Rules!"
rules:
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "schedule"'
when: manual
allow_failure: true
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "push"'
```
This example runs the job as a manual job in scheduled pipelines or in push
pipelines (to branches or tags), with `when: on_success` (default). It does not
add the job to any other pipeline type.
Another example:
```yaml
job:
script: "echo Hello, Rules!"
rules:
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"'
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "schedule"'
```
This example runs the job as a `when: on_success` job in [merge request pipelines](../merge_request_pipelines/index.md)
and scheduled pipelines. It does not run in any other pipeline type.
Other commonly used variables for `if` clauses:
- `if: $CI_COMMIT_TAG`: If changes are pushed for a tag.
- `if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH`: If changes are pushed to any branch.
- `if: '$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "master"'`: If changes are pushed to `master`.
- `if: '$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH'`: If changes are pushed to the default
branch (usually `master`). Useful if reusing the same configuration in multiple
projects with potentially different default branches.
- `if: '$CI_COMMIT_BRANCH =~ /regex-expression/'`: If the commit branch matches a regular expression.
- `if: '$CUSTOM_VARIABLE !~ /regex-expression/'`: If the [custom variable](../variables/README.md#custom-environment-variables)
`CUSTOM_VARIABLE` does **not** match a regular expression.
- `if: '$CUSTOM_VARIABLE == "value1"'`: If the custom variable `CUSTOM_VARIABLE` is
exactly `value1`.
#### `rules:changes`
To determine if jobs should be added to a pipeline, `rules: changes` clauses check
the files changed by Git push events.
`rules: changes` works exactly the same way as [`only: changes` and `except: changes`](#onlychangesexceptchanges),
accepting an array of paths. Similarly, it always returns true if there is no
Git push event, for example, when a new tag is created. It should only be used for branch pipelines or merge request pipelines.
For example:
```yaml
workflow:
rules:
- if: '$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == "merge_request_event"'
docker build:
script: docker build -t my-image:$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG .
rules:
- changes:
- Dockerfile
when: manual
allow_failure: true
```
In this example:
- [`workflow: rules`](#workflowrules) allows only pipelines for merge requests for all jobs.
- If `Dockerfile` has changed, add the job to the pipeline as a manual job, and allow the pipeline
to continue running even if the job is not triggered (`allow_failure: true`).
- If `Dockerfile` has not changed, do not add job to any pipeline (same as `when: never`).
To implement a rule similar to [`except: changes`](#onlychangesexceptchanges),
use `when: never`.
#### `rules:exists`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/24021) in GitLab 12.4.
`exists` accepts an array of paths and matches if any of these paths exist
as files in the repository.
For example:
```yaml
job:
script: docker build -t my-image:$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG .
rules:
- exists:
- Dockerfile
```
You can also use glob patterns to match multiple files in any directory within
the repository.
For example:
```yaml
job:
script: bundle exec rspec
rules:
- exists:
- spec/**.rb
```
NOTE: **Note:**
For performance reasons, using `exists` with patterns is limited to 10000
checks. After the 10000th check, rules with patterned globs always match.
#### `rules:allow_failure`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/30235) in GitLab 12.8.
You can use [`allow_failure: true`](#allow_failure) within `rules:` to allow a job to fail, or a manual job to
wait for action, without stopping the pipeline itself. All jobs using `rules:` default to `allow_failure: false`
if `allow_failure:` is not defined.
The rule-level `rules:allow_failure` option overrides the job-level
[`allow_failure`](#allow_failure) option, and is only applied when the job is
triggered by the particular rule.
```yaml
job:
script: "echo Hello, Rules!"
rules:
- if: '$CI_MERGE_REQUEST_TARGET_BRANCH_NAME == "master"'
when: manual
allow_failure: true
```
In this example, if the first rule matches, then the job has `when: manual` and `allow_failure: true`.
#### Complex rule clauses
To conjoin `if`, `changes`, and `exists` clauses with an `AND`, use them in the
same rule.
In the following example:
- If the `Dockerfile` file or any file in `/docker/scripts` has changed, and var=blah,
then the job runs manually
- Otherwise, the job isn't included in the pipeline.
```yaml
docker build:
script: docker build -t my-image:$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG .
rules:
- if: '$VAR == "string value"'
changes: # Will include the job and set to when:manual if any of the follow paths match a modified file.
- Dockerfile
- docker/scripts/*
when: manual
# - when: never would be redundant here, this is implied any time rules are listed.
```
Keywords such as `branches` or `refs` that are currently available for
`only`/`except` are not yet available in `rules` as they are being individually
considered for their usage and behavior in this context. Future keyword improvements
are being discussed in our [epic for improving `rules`](https://gitlab.com/groups/gitlab-org/-/epics/2783),
where anyone can add suggestions or requests.
You can use [parentheses](../variables/README.md#parentheses) with `&&` and `||` to build more complicated variable expressions.
[Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/230938) in GitLab 13.3:
```yaml
job1:
script:
- echo This rule uses parentheses.
rules:
if: ($CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "master" || $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "develop") && $MY_VARIABLE
```
NOTE: **Note:**
In GitLab 13.2 and older, the order of operations when mixing `||` and `&&` in a single rule may not have executed
in the expected order. This is [fixed](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/230938)
in GitLab 13.3.
### `only`/`except` (basic)
NOTE: **Note:**
The [`rules`](#rules) syntax is an improved, more powerful solution for defining
when jobs should run or not. Consider using `rules` instead of `only/except` to get
the most out of your pipelines.
`only` and `except` are two parameters that set a job policy to limit when
jobs are created:
1. `only` defines the names of branches and tags the job runs for.
1. `except` defines the names of branches and tags the job does
**not** run for.
There are a few rules that apply to the usage of job policy:
- `only` and `except` are inclusive. If both `only` and `except` are defined
in a job specification, the ref is filtered by `only` and `except`.
- `only` and `except` allow the use of regular expressions ([supported regexp syntax](#supported-onlyexcept-regexp-syntax)).
- `only` and `except` allow to specify a repository path to filter jobs for
forks.
In addition, `only` and `except` allow the use of special keywords:
| **Value** | **Description** |
|--------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `api` | For pipelines triggered by the [pipelines API](../../api/pipelines.md#create-a-new-pipeline). |
| `branches` | When the Git reference for a pipeline is a branch. |
| `chat` | For pipelines created by using a [GitLab ChatOps](../chatops/README.md) command. |
| `external` | When using CI services other than GitLab. |
| `external_pull_requests` | When an external pull request on GitHub is created or updated (See [Pipelines for external pull requests](../ci_cd_for_external_repos/index.md#pipelines-for-external-pull-requests)). |
| `merge_requests` | For pipelines created when a merge request is created or updated. Enables [merge request pipelines](../merge_request_pipelines/index.md), [merged results pipelines](../merge_request_pipelines/pipelines_for_merged_results/index.md), and [merge trains](../merge_request_pipelines/pipelines_for_merged_results/merge_trains/index.md). |
| `pipelines` | For [multi-project pipelines](../multi_project_pipelines.md) created by [using the API with `CI_JOB_TOKEN`](../multi_project_pipelines.md#triggering-multi-project-pipelines-through-api), or the [`trigger`](#trigger) keyword. |
| `pushes` | For pipelines triggered by a `git push` event, including for branches and tags. |
| `schedules` | For [scheduled pipelines](../pipelines/schedules.md). |
| `tags` | When the Git reference for a pipeline is a tag. |
| `triggers` | For pipelines created by using a [trigger token](../triggers/README.md#trigger-token). |
| `web` | For pipelines created by using **Run pipeline** button in the GitLab UI, from the project's **CI/CD > Pipelines** section. |
In the example below, `job` will run only for refs that start with `issue-`,
whereas all branches will be skipped:
```yaml
job:
# use regexp
only:
- /^issue-.*$/
# use special keyword
except:
- branches
```
Pattern matching is case-sensitive by default. Use `i` flag modifier, like
`/pattern/i` to make a pattern case-insensitive:
```yaml
job:
# use regexp
only:
- /^issue-.*$/i
# use special keyword
except:
- branches
```
In this example, `job` will run only for refs that are tagged, or if a build is
explicitly requested via an API trigger or a [Pipeline Schedule](../pipelines/schedules.md):
```yaml
job:
# use special keywords
only:
- tags
- triggers
- schedules
```
The repository path can be used to have jobs executed only for the parent
repository and not forks:
```yaml
job:
only:
- branches@gitlab-org/gitlab
except:
- master@gitlab-org/gitlab
- /^release/.*$/@gitlab-org/gitlab
```
The above example will run `job` for all branches on `gitlab-org/gitlab`,
except `master` and those with names prefixed with `release/`.
If a job does not have an `only` rule, `only: ['branches', 'tags']` is set by
default. If it does not have an `except` rule, it's empty.
For example,
```yaml
job:
script: echo 'test'
```
is translated to:
```yaml
job:
script: echo 'test'
only: ['branches', 'tags']
```
#### Regular expressions
Because `@` is used to denote the beginning of a ref's repository path,
matching a ref name containing the `@` character in a regular expression
requires the use of the hex character code match `\x40`.
Only the tag or branch name can be matched by a regular expression.
The repository path, if given, is always matched literally.
If a regular expression shall be used to match the tag or branch name,
the entire ref name part of the pattern has to be a regular expression,
and must be surrounded by `/`.
(With regular expression flags appended after the closing `/`.)
So `issue-/.*/` won't work to match all tag names or branch names
that begin with `issue-`.
TIP: **Tip:**
Use anchors `^` and `$` to avoid the regular expression
matching only a substring of the tag name or branch name.
For example, `/^issue-.*$/` is equivalent to `/^issue-/`,
while just `/issue/` would also match a branch called `severe-issues`.
#### Supported `only`/`except` regexp syntax
CAUTION: **Warning:**
This is a breaking change that was introduced with GitLab 11.9.4.
In GitLab 11.9.4, GitLab begun internally converting regexp used
in `only` and `except` parameters to [RE2](https://github.com/google/re2/wiki/Syntax).
This means that only subset of features provided by [Ruby Regexp](https://ruby-doc.org/core/Regexp.html)
is supported. [RE2](https://github.com/google/re2/wiki/Syntax) limits the set of features
provided due to computational complexity, which means some features became unavailable in GitLab 11.9.4.
For example, negative lookaheads.
For GitLab versions from 11.9.7 and up to GitLab 12.0, GitLab provides a feature flag that can be
enabled by administrators that allows users to use unsafe regexp syntax. This brings compatibility
with previously allowed syntax version and allows users to gracefully migrate to the new syntax.
```ruby
Feature.enable(:allow_unsafe_ruby_regexp)
```
### `only`/`except` (advanced)
CAUTION: **Warning:**
This is an _alpha_ feature, and is subject to change at any time without
prior notice!
GitLab supports both simple and complex strategies, so it's possible to use an
array and a hash configuration scheme.
Four keys are available:
- `refs`
- `variables`
- `changes`
- `kubernetes`
If you use multiple keys under `only` or `except`, the keys will be evaluated as a
single conjoined expression. That is:
- `only:` means "include this job if all of the conditions match".
- `except:` means "exclude this job if any of the conditions match".
With `only`, individual keys are logically joined by an AND:
> (any of refs) AND (any of variables) AND (any of changes) AND (if Kubernetes is active)
In the example below, the `test` job will `only` be created when **all** of the following are true:
- The pipeline has been [scheduled](../../user/project/pipelines/schedules.md) **or** runs for `master`.
- The `variables` keyword matches.
- The `kubernetes` service is active on the project.
```yaml
test:
script: npm run test
only:
refs:
- master
- schedules
variables:
- $CI_COMMIT_MESSAGE =~ /run-end-to-end-tests/
kubernetes: active
```
`except` is implemented as a negation of this complete expression:
> NOT((any of refs) AND (any of variables) AND (any of changes) AND (if Kubernetes is active))
This means the keys are treated as if joined by an OR. This relationship could be described as:
> (any of refs) OR (any of variables) OR (any of changes) OR (if Kubernetes is active)
In the example below, the `test` job will **not** be created when **any** of the following are true:
- The pipeline runs for the `master` branch.
- There are changes to the `README.md` file in the root directory of the repository.
```yaml
test:
script: npm run test
except:
refs:
- master
changes:
- "README.md"
```
#### `only:refs`/`except:refs`
> `refs` policy introduced in GitLab 10.0.
The `refs` strategy can take the same values as the
[simplified only/except configuration](#onlyexcept-basic).
In the example below, the `deploy` job is going to be created only when the
pipeline has been [scheduled](../pipelines/schedules.md) or runs for the `master` branch:
```yaml
deploy:
only:
refs:
- master
- schedules
```
#### `only:kubernetes`/`except:kubernetes`
> `kubernetes` policy introduced in GitLab 10.0.
The `kubernetes` strategy accepts only the `active` keyword.
In the example below, the `deploy` job is going to be created only when the
Kubernetes service is active in the project:
```yaml
deploy:
only:
kubernetes: active
```
#### `only:variables`/`except:variables`
> `variables` policy introduced in GitLab 10.7.
The `variables` keyword is used to define variables expressions. In other words,
you can use predefined variables / project / group or
environment-scoped variables to define an expression GitLab is going to
evaluate in order to decide whether a job should be created or not.
Examples of using variables expressions:
```yaml
deploy:
script: cap staging deploy
only:
refs:
- branches
variables:
- $RELEASE == "staging"
- $STAGING
```
Another use case is excluding jobs depending on a commit message:
```yaml
end-to-end:
script: rake test:end-to-end
except:
variables:
- $CI_COMMIT_MESSAGE =~ /skip-end-to-end-tests/
```
You can use [parentheses](../variables/README.md#parentheses) with `&&` and `||` to build more complicated variable expressions.
[Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/230938) in GitLab 13.3:
```yaml
job1:
script:
- echo This rule uses parentheses.
only:
variables:
- ($CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "master" || $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == "develop") && $MY_VARIABLE
```
#### `only:changes`/`except:changes`
> `changes` policy [introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/19232) in GitLab 11.4.
Using the `changes` keyword with `only` or `except` makes it possible to define if
a job should be created based on files modified by a Git push event.
This means the `only:changes` policy is useful for pipelines where:
- `$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == 'push'`
- `$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == 'merge_request_event'`
- `$CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == 'external_pull_request_event'`
If there is no Git push event, such as for pipelines with
[sources other than the three above](../variables/predefined_variables.md),
`changes` can't determine if a given file is new or old, and will always
return true.
A basic example of using `only: changes`:
```yaml
docker build:
script: docker build -t my-image:$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG .
only:
changes:
- Dockerfile
- docker/scripts/*
- dockerfiles/**/*
- more_scripts/*.{rb,py,sh}
```
In the scenario above, when pushing commits to an existing branch in GitLab,
it creates and triggers the `docker build` job, provided that one of the
commits contains changes to any of the following:
- The `Dockerfile` file.
- Any of the files inside `docker/scripts/` directory.
- Any of the files and subdirectories inside the `dockerfiles` directory.
- Any of the files with `rb`, `py`, `sh` extensions inside the `more_scripts` directory.
CAUTION: **Warning:**
If using `only:changes` with [only allow merge requests to be merged if the pipeline succeeds](../../user/project/merge_requests/merge_when_pipeline_succeeds.md#only-allow-merge-requests-to-be-merged-if-the-pipeline-succeeds),
undesired behavior could result if you don't [also use `only:merge_requests`](#using-onlychanges-with-pipelines-for-merge-requests).
You can also use glob patterns to match multiple files in either the root directory
of the repository, or in _any_ directory within the repository, but they must be wrapped
in double quotes or GitLab will fail to parse the `.gitlab-ci.yml`. For example:
```yaml
test:
script: npm run test
only:
changes:
- "*.json"
- "**/*.sql"
```
The following example will skip the `build` job if a change is detected in any file
in the root directory of the repository with a `.md` extension:
```yaml
build:
script: npm run build
except:
changes:
- "*.md"
```
CAUTION: **Warning:**
There are some points to be aware of when
[using this feature with new branches or tags *without* pipelines for merge requests](#using-onlychanges-without-pipelines-for-merge-requests).
CAUTION: **Warning:**
There are some points to be aware of when
[using this feature with scheduled pipelines](#using-onlychanges-with-scheduled-pipelines).
##### Using `only:changes` with pipelines for merge requests
With [pipelines for merge requests](../merge_request_pipelines/index.md),
it's possible to define a job to be created based on files modified
in a merge request.
In order to deduce the correct base SHA of the source branch, we recommend combining
this keyword with `only: [merge_requests]`. This way, file differences are correctly
calculated from any further commits, thus all changes in the merge requests are properly
tested in pipelines.
For example:
```yaml
docker build service one:
script: docker build -t my-service-one-image:$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG .
only:
refs:
- merge_requests
changes:
- Dockerfile
- service-one/**/*
```
In the scenario above, if a merge request is created or updated that changes
either files in `service-one` directory or the `Dockerfile`, GitLab creates
and triggers the `docker build service one` job.
Note that if [pipelines for merge requests](../merge_request_pipelines/index.md) is
combined with `only: [change]`, but `only: [merge_requests]` is omitted, there could be
unwanted behavior.
For example:
```yaml
docker build service one:
script: docker build -t my-service-one-image:$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG .
only:
changes:
- Dockerfile
- service-one/**/*
```
In the example above, a pipeline could fail due to changes to a file in `service-one/**/*`.
A later commit could then be pushed that does not include any changes to this file,
but includes changes to the `Dockerfile`, and this pipeline could pass because it's only
testing the changes to the `Dockerfile`. GitLab checks the **most recent pipeline**,
that **passed**, and will show the merge request as mergeable, despite the earlier
failed pipeline caused by a change that was not yet corrected.
With this configuration, care must be taken to check that the most recent pipeline
properly corrected any failures from previous pipelines.
##### Using `only:changes` without pipelines for merge requests
Without [pipelines for merge requests](../merge_request_pipelines/index.md), pipelines
run on branches or tags that don't have an explicit association with a merge request.
In this case, a previous SHA is used to calculate the diff, which is equivalent to `git diff HEAD~`.
This can result in some unexpected behavior, including:
- When pushing a new branch or a new tag to GitLab, the policy always evaluates to true.
- When pushing a new commit, the changed files are calculated using the previous commit
as the base SHA.
##### Using `only:changes` with scheduled pipelines
`only:changes` always evaluates as "true" in [Scheduled pipelines](../pipelines/schedules.md).
All files are considered to have "changed" when a scheduled pipeline
runs.
### `needs`
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/47063) in GitLab 12.2.
> - In GitLab 12.3, maximum number of jobs in `needs` array raised from five to 50.
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/30631) in GitLab 12.8, `needs: []` lets jobs start immediately.
The `needs:` keyword enables executing jobs out-of-order, allowing you to implement
a [directed acyclic graph](../directed_acyclic_graph/index.md) in your `.gitlab-ci.yml`.
This lets you run some jobs without waiting for other ones, disregarding stage ordering
so you can have multiple stages running concurrently.
Let's consider the following example:
```yaml
linux:build:
stage: build
mac:build:
stage: build
lint:
stage: test
needs: []
linux:rspec:
stage: test
needs: ["linux:build"]
linux:rubocop:
stage: test
needs: ["linux:build"]
mac:rspec:
stage: test
needs: ["mac:build"]
mac:rubocop:
stage: test
needs: ["mac:build"]
production:
stage: deploy
```
This example creates four paths of execution:
- Linter: the `lint` job will run immediately without waiting for the `build` stage to complete because it has no needs (`needs: []`).
- Linux path: the `linux:rspec` and `linux:rubocop` jobs will be run as soon
as the `linux:build` job finishes without waiting for `mac:build` to finish.
- macOS path: the `mac:rspec` and `mac:rubocop` jobs will be run as soon
as the `mac:build` job finishes, without waiting for `linux:build` to finish.
- The `production` job will be executed as soon as all previous jobs
finish; in this case: `linux:build`, `linux:rspec`, `linux:rubocop`,
`mac:build`, `mac:rspec`, `mac:rubocop`.
#### Requirements and limitations
- If `needs:` is set to point to a job that is not instantiated
because of `only/except` rules or otherwise does not exist, the
pipeline will be created with YAML error.
- The maximum number of jobs that a single job can need in the `needs:` array is limited:
- For GitLab.com, the limit is 50. For more information, see our
[infrastructure issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/gl-infra/infrastructure/-/issues/7541).
- For self-managed instances, the limit is: 50. This limit [can be changed](#changing-the-needs-job-limit-core-only).
- If `needs:` refers to a job that is marked as `parallel:`.
the current job will depend on all parallel jobs created.
- `needs:` is similar to `dependencies:` in that it needs to use jobs from prior stages,
meaning it's impossible to create circular dependencies. Depending on jobs in the
current stage is not possible either, but support [is planned](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/30632).
- Related to the above, stages must be explicitly defined for all jobs
that have the keyword `needs:` or are referred to by one.
##### Changing the `needs:` job limit **(CORE ONLY)**
The maximum number of jobs that can be defined within `needs:` defaults to 50.
A GitLab administrator with [access to the GitLab Rails console](../../administration/feature_flags.md)
can choose a custom limit. For example, to set the limit to 100:
```ruby
Plan.default.actual_limits.update!(ci_needs_size_limit: 100)
```
NOTE: **Note:**
To disable the ability to use DAG, set the limit to `0`.
#### Artifact downloads with `needs`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/14311) in GitLab v12.6.
When using `needs`, artifact downloads are controlled with `artifacts: true` (default) or `artifacts: false`.
Since GitLab 12.6, you can't combine the [`dependencies`](#dependencies) keyword
with `needs` to control artifact downloads in jobs. `dependencies` is still valid
in jobs that do not use `needs`.
In the example below, the `rspec` job will download the `build_job` artifacts, while the
`rubocop` job won't:
```yaml
build_job:
stage: build
artifacts:
paths:
- binaries/
rspec:
stage: test
needs:
- job: build_job
artifacts: true
rubocop:
stage: test
needs:
- job: build_job
artifacts: false
```
Additionally, in the three syntax examples below, the `rspec` job will download the artifacts
from all three `build_jobs`, as `artifacts` is true for `build_job_1`, and will
**default** to true for both `build_job_2` and `build_job_3`.
```yaml
rspec:
needs:
- job: build_job_1
artifacts: true
- job: build_job_2
- build_job_3
```
#### Cross project artifact downloads with `needs` **(PREMIUM)**
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/14311) in GitLab v12.7.
`needs` can be used to download artifacts from up to five jobs in pipelines on
[other refs in the same project](#artifact-downloads-between-pipelines-in-the-same-project),
or pipelines in different projects, groups and namespaces:
```yaml
build_job:
stage: build
script:
- ls -lhR
needs:
- project: namespace/group/project-name
job: build-1
ref: master
artifacts: true
```
`build_job` will download the artifacts from the latest successful `build-1` job
on the `master` branch in the `group/project-name` project. If the project is in the
same group or namespace, you can omit them from the `project:` key. For example,
`project: group/project-name` or `project: project-name`.
The user running the pipeline must have at least `reporter` access to the group or project, or the group/project must have public visibility.
##### Artifact downloads between pipelines in the same project
`needs` can be used to download artifacts from different pipelines in the current project
by setting the `project` keyword as the current project's name, and specifying a ref.
In the example below, `build_job` will download the artifacts for the latest successful
`build-1` job with the `other-ref` ref:
```yaml
build_job:
stage: build
script:
- ls -lhR
needs:
- project: group/same-project-name
job: build-1
ref: other-ref
artifacts: true
```
Environment variables support for `project:`, `job:`, and `ref` was [introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/202093)
in GitLab 13.3. [Feature flag removed](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/235761) in GitLab 13.4.
For example:
```yaml
build_job:
stage: build
script:
- ls -lhR
needs:
- project: $CI_PROJECT_PATH
job: $DEPENDENCY_JOB_NAME
ref: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH
artifacts: true
```
NOTE: **Note:**
Downloading artifacts from jobs that are run in [`parallel:`](#parallel) is not supported.
### `tags`
Use `tags` to select a specific runner from the list of all runners that are
available for the project.
When you register a runner, you can specify the runner's tags, for
example `ruby`, `postgres`, `development`.
In this example, the job is run by a runner that
has both `ruby` AND `postgres` tags defined.
```yaml
job:
tags:
- ruby
- postgres
```
You can use tags to run different jobs on different platforms. For
example, if you have an OS X runner with tag `osx` and a Windows runner with tag
`windows`, you can run a job on each platform:
```yaml
windows job:
stage:
- build
tags:
- windows
script:
- echo Hello, %USERNAME%!
osx job:
stage:
- build
tags:
- osx
script:
- echo "Hello, $USER!"
```
### `allow_failure`
Use `allow_failure` when you want to let a job fail without impacting the rest of the CI
suite.
The default value is `false`, except for [manual](#whenmanual) jobs using the
`when: manual` syntax, unless using [`rules:`](#rules) syntax, where all jobs
default to false, *including* `when: manual` jobs.
When enabled and the job fails, the job will show an orange warning in the UI.
However, the logical flow of the pipeline will consider the job a
success/passed, and is not blocked.
Assuming all other jobs are successful, the job's stage and its pipeline will
show the same orange warning. However, the associated commit will be marked
"passed", without warnings.
In the example below, `job1` and `job2` will run in parallel, but if `job1`
fails, it won't stop the next stage from running, since it's marked with
`allow_failure: true`:
```yaml
job1:
stage: test
script:
- execute_script_that_will_fail
allow_failure: true
job2:
stage: test
script:
- execute_script_that_will_succeed
job3:
stage: deploy
script:
- deploy_to_staging
```
### `when`
`when` is used to implement jobs that are run in case of failure or despite the
failure.
`when` can be set to one of the following values:
1. `on_success` - execute job only when all jobs from prior stages
succeed (or are considered succeeding because they are marked
`allow_failure`). This is the default.
1. `on_failure` - execute job only when at least one job from prior stages
fails.
1. `always` - execute job regardless of the status of jobs from prior stages.
1. `manual` - execute job manually (added in GitLab 8.10). Read about
[manual actions](#whenmanual) below.
1. `delayed` - execute job after a certain period (added in GitLab 11.14).
Read about [delayed actions](#whendelayed) below.
1. `never`:
- With [`rules`](#rules), don't execute job.
- With [`workflow:rules`](#workflowrules), don't run pipeline.
For example:
```yaml
stages:
- build
- cleanup_build
- test
- deploy
- cleanup
build_job:
stage: build
script:
- make build
cleanup_build_job:
stage: cleanup_build
script:
- cleanup build when failed
when: on_failure
test_job:
stage: test
script:
- make test
deploy_job:
stage: deploy
script:
- make deploy
when: manual
cleanup_job:
stage: cleanup
script:
- cleanup after jobs
when: always
```
The above script:
1. Executes `cleanup_build_job` only when `build_job` fails.
1. Always executes `cleanup_job` as the last step in pipeline regardless of
success or failure.
1. Executes `deploy_job` when you run it manually in the GitLab UI.
#### `when:manual`
> - Introduced in GitLab 8.10.
> - Blocking manual actions were introduced in GitLab 9.0.
> - Protected actions were introduced in GitLab 9.2.
Manual actions are a special type of job that are not executed automatically,
they need to be explicitly started by a user. An example usage of manual actions
would be a deployment to a production environment. Manual actions can be started
from the pipeline, job, environment, and deployment views. Read more at the
[environments documentation](../environments/index.md#configuring-manual-deployments).
Manual actions can be either optional or blocking. Blocking manual actions will
block the execution of the pipeline at the stage this action is defined in. It's
possible to resume execution of the pipeline when someone executes a blocking
manual action by clicking a _play_ button.
When a pipeline is blocked, it won't be merged if Merge When Pipeline Succeeds
is set. Blocked pipelines also do have a special status, called _manual_.
When the `when:manual` syntax is used, manual actions are non-blocking by
default. If you want to make manual action blocking, it's necessary to add
`allow_failure: false` to the job's definition in `.gitlab-ci.yml`.
Optional manual actions have `allow_failure: true` set by default and their
Statuses don't contribute to the overall pipeline status. So, if a manual
action fails, the pipeline will eventually succeed.
NOTE: **Note:**
When using [`rules:`](#rules), `allow_failure` defaults to `false`, including for manual jobs.
Manual actions are considered to be write actions, so permissions for
[protected branches](../../user/project/protected_branches.md) are used when
a user wants to trigger an action. In other words, in order to trigger a manual
action assigned to a branch that the pipeline is running for, the user needs to
have the ability to merge to this branch. It's possible to use protected environments
to more strictly [protect manual deployments](#protecting-manual-jobs-premium) from being
run by unauthorized users.
NOTE: **Note:**
Using `when:manual` and `trigger` together results in the error `jobs:#{job-name} when
should be on_success, on_failure or always`, because `when:manual` prevents triggers
being used.
##### Protecting manual jobs **(PREMIUM)**
It's possible to use [protected environments](../environments/protected_environments.md)
to define a precise list of users authorized to run a manual job. By allowing only
users associated with a protected environment to trigger manual jobs, it's possible
to implement some special use cases, such as:
- More precisely limiting who can deploy to an environment.
- Enabling a pipeline to be blocked until an approved user "approves" it.
To do this, you must:
1. Add an `environment` to the job. For example:
```yaml
deploy_prod:
stage: deploy
script:
- echo "Deploy to production server"
environment:
name: production
url: https://example.com
when: manual
only:
- master
```
1. In the [protected environments settings](../environments/protected_environments.md#protecting-environments),
select the environment (`production` in the example above) and add the users, roles or groups
that are authorized to trigger the manual job to the **Allowed to Deploy** list. Only those in
this list will be able to trigger this manual job, as well as GitLab administrators
who are always able to use protected environments.
Additionally, if a manual job is defined as blocking by adding `allow_failure: false`,
the next stages of the pipeline won't run until the manual job is triggered. This
can be used as a way to have a defined list of users allowed to "approve" later pipeline
stages by triggering the blocking manual job.
#### `when:delayed`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/51352) in GitLab 11.4.
Delayed job are for executing scripts after a certain period.
This is useful if you want to avoid jobs entering `pending` state immediately.
You can set the period with `start_in` key. The value of `start_in` key is an elapsed time in seconds, unless a unit is
provided. `start_in` key must be less than or equal to one week. Examples of valid values include:
- `'5'`
- `5 seconds`
- `30 minutes`
- `1 day`
- `1 week`
When there is a delayed job in a stage, the pipeline won't progress until the delayed job has finished.
This means this keyword can also be used for inserting delays between different stages.
The timer of a delayed job starts immediately after the previous stage has completed.
Similar to other types of jobs, a delayed job's timer won't start unless the previous stage passed.
The following example creates a job named `timed rollout 10%` that is executed 30 minutes after the previous stage has completed:
```yaml
timed rollout 10%:
stage: deploy
script: echo 'Rolling out 10% ...'
when: delayed
start_in: 30 minutes
```
You can stop the active timer of a delayed job by clicking the **{time-out}** (**Unschedule**) button.
This job will never be executed in the future unless you execute the job manually.
To start a delayed job immediately, click the **Play** button.
Soon GitLab Runner picks up and starts the job.
### `environment`
> - Introduced in GitLab 8.9.
> - You can read more about environments and find more examples in the
> [documentation about environments](../environments/index.md).
`environment` is used to define that a job deploys to a specific environment.
If `environment` is specified and no environment under that name exists, a new
one will be created automatically.
In its simplest form, the `environment` keyword can be defined like:
```yaml
deploy to production:
stage: deploy
script: git push production HEAD:master
environment: production
```
In the above example, the `deploy to production` job will be marked as doing a
deployment to the `production` environment.
#### `environment:name`
> - Introduced in GitLab 8.11.
> - Before GitLab 8.11, the name of an environment could be defined as a string like
> `environment: production`. The recommended way now is to define it under the
> `name` keyword.
> - The `name` parameter can use any of the defined CI variables,
> including predefined, secure variables and `.gitlab-ci.yml` [`variables`](#variables).
> You however can't use variables defined under `script`.
The `environment` name can contain:
- letters
- digits
- spaces
- `-`
- `_`
- `/`
- `$`
- `{`
- `}`
Common names are `qa`, `staging`, and `production`, but you can use whatever
name works with your workflow.
Instead of defining the name of the environment right after the `environment`
keyword, it's also possible to define it as a separate value. For that, use
the `name` keyword under `environment`:
```yaml
deploy to production:
stage: deploy
script: git push production HEAD:master
environment:
name: production
```
#### `environment:url`
> - Introduced in GitLab 8.11.
> - Before GitLab 8.11, the URL could be added only in GitLab's UI. The
> recommended way now is to define it in `.gitlab-ci.yml`.
> - The `url` parameter can use any of the defined CI variables,
> including predefined, secure variables and `.gitlab-ci.yml` [`variables`](#variables).
> You however can't use variables defined under `script`.
This optional value exposes buttons that take you to the defined URL
In this example, if the job finishes successfully, it creates buttons
in the merge requests and in the environments/deployments pages that point
to `https://prod.example.com`.
```yaml
deploy to production:
stage: deploy
script: git push production HEAD:master
environment:
name: production
url: https://prod.example.com
```
#### `environment:on_stop`
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/22191) in GitLab 8.13.
> - Starting with GitLab 8.14, when you have an environment that has a stop action
> defined, GitLab will automatically trigger a stop action when the associated
> branch is deleted.
Closing (stopping) environments can be achieved with the `on_stop` keyword defined under
`environment`. It declares a different job that runs in order to close
the environment.
Read the `environment:action` section for an example.
#### `environment:action`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/22191) in GitLab 8.13.
The `action` keyword can be used to specify jobs that prepare, start, or stop environments.
| **Value** | **Description** |
|-----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| start | Default value. Indicates that job starts the environment. Deployment will be created after job starts. |
| prepare | Indicates that job is only preparing the environment. Does not affect deployments. [Read more about environments](../environments/index.md#prepare-an-environment) |
| stop | Indicates that job stops deployment. See the example below. |
Take for instance:
```yaml
review_app:
stage: deploy
script: make deploy-app
environment:
name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
url: https://$CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG.example.com
on_stop: stop_review_app
stop_review_app:
stage: deploy
variables:
GIT_STRATEGY: none
script: make delete-app
when: manual
environment:
name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
action: stop
```
In the above example we set up the `review_app` job to deploy to the `review`
environment, and we also defined a new `stop_review_app` job under `on_stop`.
Once the `review_app` job is successfully finished, it will trigger the
`stop_review_app` job based on what is defined under `when`. In this case we
set it up to `manual` so it will need a [manual action](#whenmanual) via
GitLab's web interface in order to run.
Also in the example, `GIT_STRATEGY` is set to `none` so that GitLab Runner won’t
try to check out the code after the branch is deleted when the `stop_review_app`
job is [automatically triggered](../environments/index.md#automatically-stopping-an-environment).
NOTE: **Note:**
The above example overwrites global variables. If your stop environment job depends
on global variables, you can use [anchor variables](#yaml-anchors-for-variables) when setting the `GIT_STRATEGY`
to change it without overriding the global variables.
The `stop_review_app` job is **required** to have the following keywords defined:
- `when` - [reference](#when)
- `environment:name`
- `environment:action`
Additionally, both jobs should have matching [`rules`](../yaml/README.md#onlyexcept-basic)
or [`only/except`](../yaml/README.md#onlyexcept-basic) configuration. In the example
above, if the configuration is not identical, the `stop_review_app` job might not be
included in all pipelines that include the `review_app` job, and it will not be
possible to trigger the `action: stop` to stop the environment automatically.
#### `environment:auto_stop_in`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/20956) in GitLab 12.8.
The `auto_stop_in` keyword is for specifying life period of the environment,
that when expired, GitLab automatically stops them.
For example,
```yaml
review_app:
script: deploy-review-app
environment:
name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
auto_stop_in: 1 day
```
When `review_app` job is executed and a review app is created, a life period of
the environment is set to `1 day`.
For more information, see
[the environments auto-stop documentation](../environments/index.md#environments-auto-stop)
#### `environment:kubernetes`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/27630) in GitLab 12.6.
The `kubernetes` block is used to configure deployments to a
[Kubernetes cluster](../../user/project/clusters/index.md) that is associated with your project.
For example:
```yaml
deploy:
stage: deploy
script: make deploy-app
environment:
name: production
kubernetes:
namespace: production
```
This will set up the `deploy` job to deploy to the `production`
environment, using the `production`
[Kubernetes namespace](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces/).
For more information, see
[Available settings for `kubernetes`](../environments/index.md#configuring-kubernetes-deployments).
NOTE: **Note:**
Kubernetes configuration is not supported for Kubernetes clusters
that are [managed by GitLab](../../user/project/clusters/index.md#gitlab-managed-clusters).
To follow progress on support for GitLab-managed clusters, see the
[relevant issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/38054).
#### Dynamic environments
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/21971) in GitLab 8.12 and GitLab Runner 1.6.
> - The `$CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG` was [introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/22864) in GitLab 8.15.
> - The `name` and `url` parameters can use any of the defined CI variables,
> including predefined, secure variables and `.gitlab-ci.yml` [`variables`](#variables).
> You however can't use variables defined under `script`.
For example:
```yaml
deploy as review app:
stage: deploy
script: make deploy
environment:
name: review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME
url: https://$CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG.example.com/
```
The `deploy as review app` job will be marked as deployment to dynamically
create the `review/$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME` environment, where `$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME`
is an [environment variable](../variables/README.md) set by the runner. The
`$CI_ENVIRONMENT_SLUG` variable is based on the environment name, but suitable
for inclusion in URLs. In this case, if the `deploy as review app` job was run
in a branch named `pow`, this environment would be accessible with an URL like
`https://review-pow.example.com/`.
This implies that the underlying server that hosts the application
is properly configured.
The common use case is to create dynamic environments for branches and use them
as Review Apps. You can see a simple example using Review Apps at
<https://gitlab.com/gitlab-examples/review-apps-nginx/>.
### `cache`
> - Introduced in GitLab Runner v0.7.0.
> - `cache` can be set globally and per-job.
> - From GitLab 9.0, caching is enabled and shared between pipelines and jobs
> by default.
> - From GitLab 9.2, caches are restored before [artifacts](#artifacts).
TIP: **Learn more:**
Read how caching works and find out some good practices in the
[caching dependencies documentation](../caching/index.md).
`cache` is used to specify a list of files and directories that should be
cached between jobs. You can only use paths that are within the local working
copy.
If `cache` is defined outside the scope of jobs, it means it's set
globally and all jobs will use that definition.
#### `cache:paths`
Use the `paths` directive to choose which files or directories to cache. Paths
are relative to the project directory (`$CI_PROJECT_DIR`) and can't directly link outside it.
Wildcards can be used that follow the [glob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming))
patterns and:
- In [GitLab Runner 13.0](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/issues/2620) and later,
[`doublestar.Glob`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/bmatcuk/doublestar@v1.2.2?tab=doc#Match).
- In GitLab Runner 12.10 and earlier,
[`filepath.Match`](https://pkg.go.dev/path/filepath/#Match).
Cache all files in `binaries` that end in `.apk` and the `.config` file:
```yaml
rspec:
script: test
cache:
paths:
- binaries/*.apk
- .config
```
Locally defined cache overrides globally defined options. The following `rspec`
job will cache only `binaries/`:
```yaml
cache:
paths:
- my/files
rspec:
script: test
cache:
key: rspec
paths:
- binaries/
```
Note that since cache is shared between jobs, if you're using different
paths for different jobs, you should also set a different **cache:key**
otherwise cache content can be overwritten.
#### `cache:key`
> Introduced in GitLab Runner v1.0.0.
Since the cache is shared between jobs, if you're using different
paths for different jobs, you should also set a different `cache:key`
otherwise cache content can be overwritten.
The `key` parameter defines the affinity of caching between jobs,
to have a single cache for all jobs, cache per-job, cache per-branch
or any other way that fits your workflow. This way, you can fine tune caching,
including caching data between different jobs or even different branches.
The `cache:key` variable can use any of the
[predefined variables](../variables/README.md). The default key, if not
set, is just literal `default`, which means everything is shared between
pipelines and jobs by default, starting from GitLab 9.0.
NOTE: **Note:**
The `cache:key` variable can't contain the `/` character, or the equivalent
URI-encoded `%2F`; a value made only of dots (`.`, `%2E`) is also forbidden.
For example, to enable per-branch caching:
```yaml
cache:
key: "$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG"
paths:
- binaries/
```
If you use **Windows Batch** to run your shell scripts you need to replace
`$` with `%`:
```yaml
cache:
key: "%CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG%"
paths:
- binaries/
```
##### `cache:key:files`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/18986) in GitLab v12.5.
The `cache:key:files` keyword extends the `cache:key` functionality by making it easier
to reuse some caches, and rebuild them less often, which will speed up subsequent pipeline
runs.
When you include `cache:key:files`, you must also list the project files that will be used to generate the key, up to a maximum of two files.
The cache `key` will be a SHA checksum computed from the most recent commits (up to two, if two files are listed)
that changed the given files. If neither file was changed in any commits,
the fallback key will be `default`.
```yaml
cache:
key:
files:
- Gemfile.lock
- package.json
paths:
- vendor/ruby
- node_modules
```
In this example we're creating a cache for Ruby and Node.js dependencies that
is tied to current versions of the `Gemfile.lock` and `package.json` files. Whenever one of
these files changes, a new cache key is computed and a new cache is created. Any future
job runs using the same `Gemfile.lock` and `package.json` with `cache:key:files` will
use the new cache, instead of rebuilding the dependencies.
##### `cache:key:prefix`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/18986) in GitLab v12.5.
When you want to combine a prefix with the SHA computed for `cache:key:files`,
use the `prefix` parameter with `key:files`.
For example, if you add a `prefix` of `test`, the resulting key is: `test-feef9576d21ee9b6a32e30c5c79d0a0ceb68d1e5`.
If neither file was changed in any commits, the prefix is added to `default`, so the
key in the example would be `test-default`.
Like `cache:key`, `prefix` can use any of the [predefined variables](../variables/README.md),
but the following are not allowed:
- the `/` character (or the equivalent URI-encoded `%2F`)
- a value made only of `.` (or the equivalent URI-encoded `%2E`)
```yaml
cache:
key:
files:
- Gemfile.lock
prefix: ${CI_JOB_NAME}
paths:
- vendor/ruby
rspec:
script:
- bundle exec rspec
```
For example, adding a `prefix` of `$CI_JOB_NAME` will
cause the key to look like: `rspec-feef9576d21ee9b6a32e30c5c79d0a0ceb68d1e5` and
the job cache is shared across different branches. If a branch changes
`Gemfile.lock`, that branch will have a new SHA checksum for `cache:key:files`. A new cache key
will be generated, and a new cache will be created for that key.
If `Gemfile.lock` is not found, the prefix is added to
`default`, so the key in the example would be `rspec-default`.
#### `cache:untracked`
Set `untracked: true` to cache all files that are untracked in your Git
repository:
```yaml
rspec:
script: test
cache:
untracked: true
```
Cache all Git untracked files and files in `binaries`:
```yaml
rspec:
script: test
cache:
untracked: true
paths:
- binaries/
```
#### `cache:policy`
> Introduced in GitLab 9.4.
The default behavior of a caching job is to download the files at the start of
execution, and to re-upload them at the end. Any changes made by the
job are persisted for future runs. This behavior is known as the `pull-push` cache
policy.
If you know the job does not alter the cached files, you can skip the upload step
by setting `policy: pull` in the job specification. Typically, this would be
twinned with an ordinary cache job at an earlier stage to ensure the cache
is updated from time to time:
```yaml
stages:
- setup
- test
prepare:
stage: setup
cache:
key: gems
paths:
- vendor/bundle
script:
- bundle install --deployment
rspec:
stage: test
cache:
key: gems
paths:
- vendor/bundle
policy: pull
script:
- bundle exec rspec ...
```
This helps to speed up job execution and reduce load on the cache server,
especially when you have a large number of cache-using jobs executing in
parallel.
Additionally, if you have a job that unconditionally recreates the cache without
reference to its previous contents, you can use `policy: push` in that job to
skip the download step.
### `artifacts`
> - Introduced in GitLab Runner v0.7.0 for non-Windows platforms.
> - Windows support was added in GitLab Runner v.1.0.0.
> - From GitLab 9.2, caches are restored before artifacts.
> - Not all executors are [supported](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/#compatibility-chart).
> - Job artifacts are only collected for successful jobs by default.
`artifacts` is used to specify a list of files and directories that are
attached to the job when it [succeeds, fails, or always](#artifactswhen).
The artifacts will be sent to GitLab after the job finishes and will
be available for download in the GitLab UI provided that the size is not
larger than the [maximum artifact size](../../user/gitlab_com/index.md#gitlab-cicd).
[Read more about artifacts](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md).
#### `artifacts:paths`
Paths are relative to the project directory (`$CI_PROJECT_DIR`) and can't directly
link outside it. Wildcards can be used that follow the [glob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming))
patterns and:
- In [GitLab Runner 13.0](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/issues/2620) and later,
[`doublestar.Glob`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/bmatcuk/doublestar@v1.2.2?tab=doc#Match).
- In GitLab Runner 12.10 and earlier,
[`filepath.Match`](https://pkg.go.dev/path/filepath/#Match).
To restrict which jobs a specific job will fetch artifacts from, see [dependencies](#dependencies).
Send all files in `binaries` and `.config`:
```yaml
artifacts:
paths:
- binaries/
- .config
```
To disable artifact passing, define the job with empty [dependencies](#dependencies):
```yaml
job:
stage: build
script: make build
dependencies: []
```
You may want to create artifacts only for tagged releases to avoid filling the
build server storage with temporary build artifacts.
Create artifacts only for tags (`default-job` won't create artifacts):
```yaml
default-job:
script:
- mvn test -U
except:
- tags
release-job:
script:
- mvn package -U
artifacts:
paths:
- target/*.war
only:
- tags
```
You can use wildcards for directories too. For example, if you want to get all the files inside the directories that end with `xyz`:
```yaml
job:
artifacts:
paths:
- path/*xyz/*
```
#### `artifacts:exclude`
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/15122) in GitLab 13.1
> - Requires GitLab Runner 13.1
`exclude` makes it possible to prevent files from being added to an artifacts
archive.
Similar to [`artifacts:paths`](#artifactspaths), `exclude` paths are relative
to the project directory. Wildcards can be used that follow the
[glob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming)) patterns and
[`filepath.Match`](https://golang.org/pkg/path/filepath/#Match).
For example, to store all files in `binaries/`, but not `*.o` files located in
subdirectories of `binaries/`:
```yaml
artifacts:
paths:
- binaries/
exclude:
- binaries/**/*.o
```
Files matched by [`artifacts:untracked`](#artifactsuntracked) can be excluded using
`artifacts:exclude` too.
#### `artifacts:expose_as`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/15018) in GitLab 12.5.
The `expose_as` keyword can be used to expose [job artifacts](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md)
in the [merge request](../../user/project/merge_requests/index.md) UI.
For example, to match a single file:
```yaml
test:
script: [ "echo 'test' > file.txt" ]
artifacts:
expose_as: 'artifact 1'
paths: ['file.txt']
```
With this configuration, GitLab will add a link **artifact 1** to the relevant merge request
that points to `file1.txt`.
An example that will match an entire directory:
```yaml
test:
script: [ "mkdir test && echo 'test' > test/file.txt" ]
artifacts:
expose_as: 'artifact 1'
paths: ['test/']
```
Note the following:
- Artifacts do not display in the merge request UI when using variables to define the `artifacts:paths`.
- A maximum of 10 job artifacts per merge request can be exposed.
- Glob patterns are unsupported.
- If a directory is specified, the link will be to the job [artifacts browser](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#browsing-artifacts) if there is more than
one file in the directory.
- For exposed single file artifacts with `.html`, `.htm`, `.txt`, `.json`, `.xml`,
and `.log` extensions, if [GitLab Pages](../../administration/pages/index.md) is:
- Enabled, GitLab will automatically render the artifact.
- Not enabled, you will see the file in the artifacts browser.
#### `artifacts:name`
> Introduced in GitLab 8.6 and GitLab Runner v1.1.0.
Use the `name` directive to define the name of the created artifacts
archive. You can specify a unique name for every archive, which can be
useful when you want to download the archive from GitLab. The `artifacts:name`
variable can make use of any of the [predefined variables](../variables/README.md).
The default name is `artifacts`, which becomes `artifacts.zip` when you download it.
NOTE: **Note:**
If your branch-name contains forward slashes
(for example `feature/my-feature`) it's advised to use `$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG`
instead of `$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME` for proper naming of the artifact.
To create an archive with a name of the current job:
```yaml
job:
artifacts:
name: "$CI_JOB_NAME"
paths:
- binaries/
```
To create an archive with a name of the current branch or tag including only
the binaries directory:
```yaml
job:
artifacts:
name: "$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME"
paths:
- binaries/
```
To create an archive with a name of the current job and the current branch or
tag including only the binaries directory:
```yaml
job:
artifacts:
name: "$CI_JOB_NAME-$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME"
paths:
- binaries/
```
To create an archive with a name of the current [stage](#stages) and branch name:
```yaml
job:
artifacts:
name: "$CI_JOB_STAGE-$CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME"
paths:
- binaries/
```
---
If you use **Windows Batch** to run your shell scripts you need to replace
`$` with `%`:
```yaml
job:
artifacts:
name: "%CI_JOB_STAGE%-%CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME%"
paths:
- binaries/
```
If you use **Windows PowerShell** to run your shell scripts you need to replace
`$` with `$env:`:
```yaml
job:
artifacts:
name: "$env:CI_JOB_STAGE-$env:CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME"
paths:
- binaries/
```
#### `artifacts:untracked`
`artifacts:untracked` is used to add all Git untracked files as artifacts (along
to the paths defined in `artifacts:paths`).
NOTE: **Note:**
`artifacts:untracked` ignores configuration in the repository's `.gitignore` file.
Send all Git untracked files:
```yaml
artifacts:
untracked: true
```
Send all Git untracked files and files in `binaries`:
```yaml
artifacts:
untracked: true
paths:
- binaries/
```
Send all untracked files but [exclude](#artifactsexclude) `*.txt`:
```yaml
artifacts:
untracked: true
exclude:
- "*.txt"
```
#### `artifacts:when`
> Introduced in GitLab 8.9 and GitLab Runner v1.3.0.
`artifacts:when` is used to upload artifacts on job failure or despite the
failure.
`artifacts:when` can be set to one of the following values:
1. `on_success` - upload artifacts only when the job succeeds. This is the default.
1. `on_failure` - upload artifacts only when the job fails.
1. `always` - upload artifacts regardless of the job status.
To upload artifacts only when job fails:
```yaml
job:
artifacts:
when: on_failure
```
#### `artifacts:expire_in`
> Introduced in GitLab 8.9 and GitLab Runner v1.3.0.
Use `expire_in` to specify how long artifacts are active before they
expire and are deleted.
The expiration time period begins when the artifact is uploaded and
stored on GitLab. If the expiry time is not defined, it defaults to the
[instance wide setting](../../user/admin_area/settings/continuous_integration.md#default-artifacts-expiration-core-only)
(30 days by default).
To override the expiration date and protect artifacts from being automatically deleted:
- Use the **Keep** button on the job page.
- Set the value of `expire_in` to `never`. [Available](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/22761)
in GitLab 13.3 and later.
After their expiry, artifacts are deleted hourly by default (via a cron job),
and are not accessible anymore.
The value of `expire_in` is an elapsed time in seconds, unless a unit is
provided. Examples of valid values:
- `'42'`
- `42 seconds`
- `3 mins 4 sec`
- `2 hrs 20 min`
- `2h20min`
- `6 mos 1 day`
- `47 yrs 6 mos and 4d`
- `3 weeks and 2 days`
- `never`
To expire artifacts 1 week after being uploaded:
```yaml
job:
artifacts:
expire_in: 1 week
```
NOTE: **Note:**
Since [GitLab 13.0](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/16267), the latest
artifacts for refs can be locked against deletion, and kept regardless of the expiry time. This feature is disabled
by default and is not ready for production use. It can be enabled for testing by
enabling the `:keep_latest_artifact_for_ref` and `:destroy_only_unlocked_expired_artifacts` [feature flags](../../administration/feature_flags.md).
#### `artifacts:reports`
The [`artifacts:reports` keyword](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreports)
is used for collecting test reports, code quality reports, and security reports from jobs.
It also exposes these reports in GitLab's UI (merge requests, pipeline views, and security dashboards).
These are the available report types:
| Parameter | Description |
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|
| [`artifacts:reports:cobertura`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportscobertura) | The `cobertura` report collects Cobertura coverage XML files. |
| [`artifacts:reports:codequality`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportscodequality) | The `codequality` report collects CodeQuality issues. |
| [`artifacts:reports:container_scanning`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportscontainer_scanning-ultimate) **(ULTIMATE)** | The `container_scanning` report collects Container Scanning vulnerabilities. |
| [`artifacts:reports:dast`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportsdast-ultimate) **(ULTIMATE)** | The `dast` report collects Dynamic Application Security Testing vulnerabilities. |
| [`artifacts:reports:dependency_scanning`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportsdependency_scanning-ultimate) **(ULTIMATE)** | The `dependency_scanning` report collects Dependency Scanning vulnerabilities. |
| [`artifacts:reports:dotenv`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportsdotenv) | The `dotenv` report collects a set of environment variables. |
| [`artifacts:reports:junit`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportsjunit) | The `junit` report collects JUnit XML files. |
| [`artifacts:reports:license_management`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportslicense_management-ultimate) **(ULTIMATE)** | The `license_management` report collects Licenses (*removed from GitLab 13.0*). |
| [`artifacts:reports:license_scanning`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportslicense_scanning-ultimate) **(ULTIMATE)** | The `license_scanning` report collects Licenses. |
| [`artifacts:reports:load_performance`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportsload_performance-premium) **(PREMIUM)** | The `load_performance` report collects load performance metrics. |
| [`artifacts:reports:metrics`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportsmetrics-premium) **(PREMIUM)** | The `metrics` report collects Metrics. |
| [`artifacts:reports:performance`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportsperformance-premium) **(PREMIUM)** | The `performance` report collects Browser Performance metrics. |
| [`artifacts:reports:sast`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportssast-ultimate) **(ULTIMATE)** | The `sast` report collects Static Application Security Testing vulnerabilities. |
| [`artifacts:reports:terraform`](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#artifactsreportsterraform) | The `terraform` report collects Terraform `tfplan.json` files. |
#### `dependencies`
> Introduced in GitLab 8.6 and GitLab Runner v1.1.1.
By default, all [`artifacts`](#artifacts) from all previous [stages](#stages)
are passed, but you can use the `dependencies` parameter to define a limited
list of jobs (or no jobs) to fetch artifacts from.
To use this feature, define `dependencies` in context of the job and pass
a list of all previous jobs the artifacts should be downloaded from.
You can only define jobs from stages that are executed before the current one.
An error will be shown if you define jobs from the current stage or next ones.
Defining an empty array will skip downloading any artifacts for that job.
The status of the previous job is not considered when using `dependencies`, so
if it failed or it's a manual job that was not run, no error occurs.
In the following example, we define two jobs with artifacts, `build:osx` and
`build:linux`. When the `test:osx` is executed, the artifacts from `build:osx`
will be downloaded and extracted in the context of the build. The same happens
for `test:linux` and artifacts from `build:linux`.
The job `deploy` will download artifacts from all previous jobs because of
the [stage](#stages) precedence:
```yaml
build:osx:
stage: build
script: make build:osx
artifacts:
paths:
- binaries/
build:linux:
stage: build
script: make build:linux
artifacts:
paths:
- binaries/
test:osx:
stage: test
script: make test:osx
dependencies:
- build:osx
test:linux:
stage: test
script: make test:linux
dependencies:
- build:linux
deploy:
stage: deploy
script: make deploy
```
##### When a dependent job will fail
> Introduced in GitLab 10.3.
If the artifacts of the job that is set as a dependency have been
[expired](#artifactsexpire_in) or
[erased](../pipelines/job_artifacts.md#erasing-artifacts), then
the dependent job will fail.
NOTE: **Note:**
You can ask your administrator to
[flip this switch](../../administration/job_artifacts.md#validation-for-dependencies)
and bring back the old behavior.
### `coverage`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/20428) in GitLab 8.17.
Use `coverage` to configure how code coverage is extracted from the
job output.
Regular expressions are the only valid kind of value expected here. So, using
surrounding `/` is mandatory in order to consistently and explicitly represent
a regular expression string. You must escape special characters if you want to
match them literally.
A simple example:
```yaml
job1:
script: rspec
coverage: '/Code coverage: \d+\.\d+/'
```
### `retry`
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/3442) in GitLab 9.5.
> - [Behavior expanded](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/issues/3515) in GitLab 11.5 to control which failures to retry on.
Use `retry` to configure how many times a job is going to be retried in
case of a failure.
When a job fails and has `retry` configured, it's going to be processed again
up to the amount of times specified by the `retry` keyword.
If `retry` is set to 2, and a job succeeds in a second run (first retry), it won't be retried
again. `retry` value has to be a positive integer, equal or larger than 0, but
lower or equal to 2 (two retries maximum, three runs in total).
A simple example to retry in all failure cases:
```yaml
test:
script: rspec
retry: 2
```
By default, a job will be retried on all failure cases. To have a better control
over which failures to retry, `retry` can be a hash with the following keys:
- `max`: The maximum number of retries.
- `when`: The failure cases to retry.
To retry only runner system failures at maximum two times:
```yaml
test:
script: rspec
retry:
max: 2
when: runner_system_failure
```
If there is another failure, other than a runner system failure, the job will
not be retried.
To retry on multiple failure cases, `when` can also be an array of failures:
```yaml
test:
script: rspec
retry:
max: 2
when:
- runner_system_failure
- stuck_or_timeout_failure
```
Possible values for `when` are:
<!--
Please make sure to update `RETRY_WHEN_IN_DOCUMENTATION` array in
`spec/lib/gitlab/ci/config/entry/retry_spec.rb` if you change any of
the documented values below. The test there makes sure that all documented
values are really valid as a configuration option and therefore should always
stay in sync with this documentation.
-->
- `always`: Retry on any failure (default).
- `unknown_failure`: Retry when the failure reason is unknown.
- `script_failure`: Retry when the script failed.
- `api_failure`: Retry on API failure.
- `stuck_or_timeout_failure`: Retry when the job got stuck or timed out.
- `runner_system_failure`: Retry if there was a runner system failure (for example, job setup failed).
- `missing_dependency_failure`: Retry if a dependency was missing.
- `runner_unsupported`: Retry if the runner was unsupported.
- `stale_schedule`: Retry if a delayed job could not be executed.
- `job_execution_timeout`: Retry if the script exceeded the maximum execution time set for the job.
- `archived_failure`: Retry if the job is archived and can't be run.
- `unmet_prerequisites`: Retry if the job failed to complete prerequisite tasks.
- `scheduler_failure`: Retry if the scheduler failed to assign the job to a runner.
- `data_integrity_failure`: Retry if there was a structural integrity problem detected.
You can specify the number of [retry attempts for certain stages of job execution](#job-stages-attempts) using variables.
### `timeout`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/14887) in GitLab 12.3.
Use `timeout` to configure a timeout for a specific job. For example:
```yaml
build:
script: build.sh
timeout: 3 hours 30 minutes
test:
script: rspec
timeout: 3h 30m
```
The job-level timeout can exceed the
[project-level timeout](../pipelines/settings.md#timeout) but can't
exceed the runner-specific timeout.
### `parallel`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/21480) in GitLab 11.5.
Use `parallel` to configure how many instances of a job to run in
parallel. This value has to be greater than or equal to two (2) and less than or equal to 50.
This creates N instances of the same job that run in parallel. They are named
sequentially from `job_name 1/N` to `job_name N/N`.
For every job, `CI_NODE_INDEX` and `CI_NODE_TOTAL` [environment variables](../variables/README.md#predefined-environment-variables) are set.
Marking a job to be run in parallel requires adding `parallel` to your configuration
file. For example:
```yaml
test:
script: rspec
parallel: 5
```
TIP: **Tip:**
Parallelize tests suites across parallel jobs.
Different languages have different tools to facilitate this.
A simple example using [Semaphore Test Boosters](https://github.com/renderedtext/test-boosters) and RSpec to run some Ruby tests:
```ruby
# Gemfile
source 'https://rubygems.org'
gem 'rspec'
gem 'semaphore_test_boosters'
```
```yaml
test:
parallel: 3
script:
- bundle
- bundle exec rspec_booster --job $CI_NODE_INDEX/$CI_NODE_TOTAL
```
CAUTION: **Caution:**
Please be aware that semaphore_test_boosters reports usages statistics to the author.
You can then navigate to the **Jobs** tab of a new pipeline build and see your RSpec
job split into three separate jobs.
#### Parallel `matrix` jobs
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/15356) in GitLab 13.3.
Use `matrix:` to configure different variables for jobs that are running in parallel.
There can be from 2 to 50 jobs.
Every job gets the same `CI_NODE_TOTAL` [environment variable](../variables/README.md#predefined-environment-variables) value, and a unique `CI_NODE_INDEX` value.
```yaml
deploystacks:
stage: deploy
script:
- bin/deploy
parallel:
matrix:
- PROVIDER: aws
STACK:
- monitoring
- app1
- app2
- PROVIDER: ovh
STACK: [monitoring, backup, app]
- PROVIDER: [gcp, vultr]
STACK: [data, processing]
```
This generates 10 parallel `deploystacks` jobs, each with different values for `PROVIDER` and `STACK`:
```plaintext
deploystacks 1/10 with PROVIDER=aws and STACK=monitoring
deploystacks 2/10 with PROVIDER=aws and STACK=app1
deploystacks 3/10 with PROVIDER=aws and STACK=app2
deploystacks 4/10 with PROVIDER=ovh and STACK=monitoring
deploystacks 5/10 with PROVIDER=ovh and STACK=backup
deploystacks 6/10 with PROVIDER=ovh and STACK=app
deploystacks 7/10 with PROVIDER=gcp and STACK=data
deploystacks 8/10 with PROVIDER=gcp and STACK=processing
deploystacks 9/10 with PROVIDER=vultr and STACK=data
deploystacks 10/10 with PROVIDER=vultr and STACK=processing
```
### `trigger`
> - [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/8997) in [GitLab Premium](https://about.gitlab.com/pricing/) 11.8.
> - [Moved](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/199224) to GitLab Core in 12.8.
Use `trigger` to define a downstream pipeline trigger. When GitLab starts a job created
with a `trigger` definition, a downstream pipeline is created.
You can use this keyword to create two different types of downstream pipelines:
- [Multi-project pipelines](../multi_project_pipelines.md#creating-multi-project-pipelines-from-gitlab-ciyml)
- [Child pipelines](../parent_child_pipelines.md)
[Since GitLab 13.2](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/197140/), you can
see which job triggered a downstream pipeline by hovering your mouse cursor over
the downstream pipeline job in the [pipeline graph](../pipelines/index.md#visualize-pipelines).
NOTE: **Note:**
Using a `trigger` with `when:manual` together results in the error `jobs:#{job-name}
when should be on_success, on_failure or always`, because `when:manual` prevents
triggers being used.
#### Simple `trigger` syntax for multi-project pipelines
The simplest way to configure a downstream trigger is to use `trigger` keyword
with a full path to a downstream project:
```yaml
rspec:
stage: test
script: bundle exec rspec
staging:
stage: deploy
trigger: my/deployment
```
#### Complex `trigger` syntax for multi-project pipelines
It's possible to configure a branch name that GitLab will use to create
a downstream pipeline with:
```yaml
rspec:
stage: test
script: bundle exec rspec
staging:
stage: deploy
trigger:
project: my/deployment
branch: stable
```
It's possible to mirror the status from a triggered pipeline:
```yaml
trigger_job:
trigger:
project: my/project
strategy: depend
```
It's possible to mirror the status from an upstream pipeline:
```yaml
upstream_bridge:
stage: test
needs:
pipeline: other/project
```
#### `trigger` syntax for child pipeline
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/16094) in GitLab 12.7.
To create a [child pipeline](../parent_child_pipelines.md), specify the path to the
YAML file containing the CI config of the child pipeline:
```yaml
trigger_job:
trigger:
include: path/to/child-pipeline.yml
```
Similar to [multi-project pipelines](../multi_project_pipelines.md#mirroring-status-from-triggered-pipeline),
it's possible to mirror the status from a triggered pipeline:
```yaml
trigger_job:
trigger:
include:
- local: path/to/child-pipeline.yml
strategy: depend
```
##### Trigger child pipeline with generated configuration file
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/35632) in GitLab 12.9.
You can also trigger a child pipeline from a [dynamically generated configuration file](../parent_child_pipelines.md#dynamic-child-pipelines):
```yaml
generate-config:
stage: build
script: generate-ci-config > generated-config.yml
artifacts:
paths:
- generated-config.yml
child-pipeline:
stage: test
trigger:
include:
- artifact: generated-config.yml
job: generate-config
```
The `generated-config.yml` is extracted from the artifacts and used as the configuration
for triggering the child pipeline.
#### Linking pipelines with `trigger:strategy`
By default, the `trigger` job completes with the `success` status
as soon as the downstream pipeline is created.
To force the `trigger` job to wait for the downstream (multi-project or child) pipeline to complete, use
`strategy: depend`. This will make the trigger job wait with a "running" status until the triggered
pipeline completes. At that point, the `trigger` job will complete and display the same status as
the downstream job.
```yaml
trigger_job:
trigger:
include: path/to/child-pipeline.yml
strategy: depend
```
This can help keep your pipeline execution linear. In the example above, jobs from
subsequent stages will wait for the triggered pipeline to successfully complete before
starting, at the cost of reduced parallelization.
#### Trigger a pipeline by API call
Triggers can be used to force a rebuild of a specific branch, tag or commit,
with an API call when a pipeline gets created using a trigger token.
Not to be confused with the [`trigger`](#trigger) parameter.
[Read more in the triggers documentation.](../triggers/README.md)
### `interruptible`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/32022) in GitLab 12.3.
`interruptible` is used to indicate that a job should be canceled if made redundant by a newer pipeline run. Defaults to `false`.
This value will only be used if the [automatic cancellation of redundant pipelines feature](../pipelines/settings.md#auto-cancel-pending-pipelines)
is enabled.
When enabled, a pipeline on the same branch will be canceled when:
- It's made redundant by a newer pipeline run.
- Either all jobs are set as interruptible, or any uninterruptible jobs haven't started.
Pending jobs are always considered interruptible.
TIP: **Tip:**
Set jobs as interruptible that can be safely canceled once started (for instance, a build job).
Here is a simple example:
```yaml
stages:
- stage1
- stage2
- stage3
step-1:
stage: stage1
script:
- echo "Can be canceled."
interruptible: true
step-2:
stage: stage2
script:
- echo "Can not be canceled."
step-3:
stage: stage3
script:
- echo "Because step-2 can not be canceled, this step will never be canceled, even though set as interruptible."
interruptible: true
```
In the example above, a new pipeline run will cause an existing running pipeline to be:
- Canceled, if only `step-1` is running or pending.
- Not canceled, once `step-2` starts running.
NOTE: **Note:**
Once an uninterruptible job is running, the pipeline will never be canceled, regardless of the final job's state.
### `resource_group`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/15536) in GitLab 12.7.
Sometimes running multiple jobs or pipelines at the same time in an environment
can lead to errors during the deployment.
To avoid these errors, the `resource_group` attribute can be used to ensure that
the runner doesn't run certain jobs simultaneously.
When the `resource_group` key is defined for a job in `.gitlab-ci.yml`,
job executions are mutually exclusive across different pipelines for the same project.
If multiple jobs belonging to the same resource group are enqueued simultaneously,
only one of the jobs is picked by the runner, and the other jobs wait until the
`resource_group` is free.
Here is a simple example:
```yaml
deploy-to-production:
script: deploy
resource_group: production
```
In this case, if a `deploy-to-production` job is running in a pipeline, and a new
`deploy-to-production` job is created in a different pipeline, it won't run until
the currently running/pending `deploy-to-production` job is finished. As a result,
you can ensure that concurrent deployments will never happen to the production environment.
There can be multiple `resource_group`s defined per environment. A good use case for this
is when deploying to physical devices. You may have more than one physical device, and each
one can be deployed to, but there can be only one deployment per device at any given time.
NOTE: **Note:**
This key can only contain letters, digits, `-`, `_`, `/`, `$`, `{`, `}`, `.`, and spaces.
It can't start or end with `/`.
For more information, see [Deployments Safety](../environments/deployment_safety.md).
### `release`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/merge_requests/19298) in GitLab 13.2.
`release` indicates that the job creates a [Release](../../user/project/releases/index.md).
These methods are supported:
- [`tag_name`](#releasetag_name)
- [`name`](#releasename) (optional)
- [`description`](#releasedescription) (optional)
- [`ref`](#releaseref) (optional)
- [`milestones`](#releasemilestones) (optional)
- [`released_at`](#releasereleased_at) (optional)
The Release is created only if the job processes without error. If the Rails API
returns an error during Release creation, the `release` job fails.
#### `release-cli` Docker image
The Docker image to use for the `release-cli` must be specified, using the following directive:
```yaml
image: registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-org/release-cli:latest
```
#### Script
All jobs require a `script` tag at a minimum. A `:release` job can use the output of a
`:script` tag, but if this is not necessary, a placeholder script can be used, for example:
```yaml
script:
- echo 'release job'
```
An [issue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/223856) exists to remove this requirement in an upcoming version of GitLab.
A pipeline can have multiple `release` jobs, for example:
```yaml
ios-release:
script:
- echo 'iOS release job'
release:
tag_name: v1.0.0-ios
description: 'iOS release v1.0.0'
android-release:
script:
- echo 'Android release job'
release:
tag_name: v1.0.0-android
description: 'Android release v1.0.0'
```
#### `release:tag_name`
The `tag_name` must be specified. It can refer to an existing Git tag or can be specified by the user.
When the specified tag doesn't exist in the repository, a new tag is created from the associated SHA of the pipeline.
For example, when creating a Release from a Git tag:
```yaml
job:
release:
tag_name: $CI_COMMIT_TAG
description: changelog.txt
```
It is also possible to create any unique tag, in which case `only: tags` is not mandatory.
A semantic versioning example:
```yaml
job:
release:
tag_name: ${MAJOR}_${MINOR}_${REVISION}
description: changelog.txt
```
- The Release is created only if the job's main script succeeds.
- If the Release already exists, it is not updated and the job with the `release` keyword fails.
- The `release` section executes after the `script` tag and before the `after_script`.
#### `release:name`
The Release name. If omitted, it is populated with the value of `release: tag_name`.
#### `release:description`
Specifies the longer description of the Release.
#### `release:ref`
If the `release: tag_name` doesn’t exist yet, the release is created from `ref`.
`ref` can be a commit SHA, another tag name, or a branch name.
#### `release:milestones`
The title of each milestone the release is associated with.
#### `release:released_at`
The date and time when the release is ready. Defaults to the current date and time if not
defined. Expected in ISO 8601 format (2019-03-15T08:00:00Z).
#### Complete example for `release`
Combining the individual examples given above for `release` results in the following
code snippets. There are two options, depending on how you generate the
tags. These options cannot be used together, so choose one:
- To create a release when you push a Git tag, or when you add a Git tag
in the UI by going to **Repository > Tags**:
```yaml
release_job:
stage: release
image: registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-org/release-cli:latest
rules:
- if: $CI_COMMIT_TAG # Run this job when a tag is created manually
script:
- echo 'running release_job'
release:
name: 'Release $CI_COMMIT_TAG'
description: 'Created using the release-cli $EXTRA_DESCRIPTION' # $EXTRA_DESCRIPTION must be defined
tag_name: '$CI_COMMIT_TAG' # elsewhere in the pipeline.
ref: '$CI_COMMIT_TAG'
milestones:
- 'm1'
- 'm2'
- 'm3'
released_at: '2020-07-15T08:00:00Z' # Optional, will auto generate if not defined,
# or can use a variable.
```
- To create a release automatically when commits are pushed or merged to the default branch,
using a new Git tag that is defined with variables:
NOTE: **Note:**
Environment variables set in `before_script` or `script` are not available for expanding
in the same job. Read more about
[potentially making variables available for expanding](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/issues/6400).
```yaml
prepare_job:
stage: prepare # This stage must run before the release stage
rules:
- if: $CI_COMMIT_TAG
when: never # Do not run this job when a tag is created manually
- if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH # Run this job when commits are pushed or merged to the default branch
script:
- echo "EXTRA_DESCRIPTION=some message" >> variables.env # Generate the EXTRA_DESCRIPTION and TAG environment variables
- echo "TAG=v$(cat VERSION)" >> variables.env # and append to the variables.env file
artifacts:
reports:
dotenv: variables.env # Use artifacts:reports:dotenv to expose the variables to other jobs
release_job:
stage: release
image: registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-org/release-cli:latest
needs:
- job: prepare_job
artifacts: true
rules:
- if: $CI_COMMIT_TAG
when: never # Do not run this job when a tag is created manually
- if: $CI_COMMIT_BRANCH == $CI_DEFAULT_BRANCH # Run this job when commits are pushed or merged to the default branch
script:
- echo 'running release_job for $TAG'
release:
name: 'Release $TAG'
description: 'Created using the release-cli $EXTRA_DESCRIPTION' # $EXTRA_DESCRIPTION and the $TAG
tag_name: '$TAG' # variables must be defined elsewhere
ref: '$CI_COMMIT_SHA' # in the pipeline. For example, in the
milestones: # prepare_job
- 'm1'
- 'm2'
- 'm3'
released_at: '2020-07-15T08:00:00Z' # Optional, will auto generate if not defined,
# or can use a variable.
```
#### `releaser-cli` command line
The entries under the `:release` node are transformed into a `bash` command line and sent
to the Docker container, which contains the [release-cli](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/release-cli).
You can also call the `release-cli` directly from a `script` entry.
The YAML described above would be translated into a CLI command like this:
```shell
release-cli create --name "Release $CI_COMMIT_SHA" --description "Created using the release-cli $EXTRA_DESCRIPTION" --tag-name "v${MAJOR}.${MINOR}.${REVISION}" --ref "$CI_COMMIT_SHA" --released-at "2020-07-15T08:00:00Z" --milestone "m1" --milestone "m2" --milestone "m3"
```
### `pages`
`pages` is a special job that is used to upload static content to GitLab that
can be used to serve your website. It has a special syntax, so the two
requirements below must be met:
- Any static content must be placed under a `public/` directory.
- `artifacts` with a path to the `public/` directory must be defined.
The example below simply moves all files from the root of the project to the
`public/` directory. The `.public` workaround is so `cp` does not also copy
`public/` to itself in an infinite loop:
```yaml
pages:
stage: deploy
script:
- mkdir .public
- cp -r * .public
- mv .public public
artifacts:
paths:
- public
only:
- master
```
Read more on [GitLab Pages user documentation](../../user/project/pages/index.md).
## `variables`
> Introduced in GitLab Runner v0.5.0.
NOTE: **Note:**
Integers (as well as strings) are legal both for variable's name and value.
Floats are not legal and can't be used.
Variables are configurable values in `.gitlab-ci.yml` that are passed to jobs.
They can be set globally and per-job.
When you use the `variables` keyword in jobs, it overrides the global
YAML variables and predefined ones of the same name.
Variables are stored in the Git repository and are meant for non-sensitive
project configuration, for example:
```yaml
variables:
DATABASE_URL: "postgres://postgres@postgres/my_database"
```
You can use these variables later in all executed commands and scripts.
The YAML-defined variables are also set to all created service containers,
so that you can fine tune them.
Except for the user-defined variables, there are also variables [set up by the
runner itself](../variables/README.md#predefined-environment-variables).
One example would be `CI_COMMIT_REF_NAME`, which has the value of
the branch or tag name the project is built for. Apart from the variables
you can set in `.gitlab-ci.yml`, there are also environment
[variables](../variables/README.md#gitlab-cicd-environment-variables),
which can be set in the GitLab UI.
[YAML anchors for variables](#yaml-anchors-for-variables) are available.
Learn more about [variables and their priority](../variables/README.md).
### Git strategy
> - Introduced in GitLab 8.9 as an experimental feature.
> - `GIT_STRATEGY=none` requires GitLab Runner v1.7+.
CAUTION: **Caution:**
May change or be removed completely in future releases.
You can set the `GIT_STRATEGY` used for getting recent application code, either
globally or per-job in the [`variables`](#variables) section. If left
unspecified, the default from project settings will be used.
There are three possible values: `clone`, `fetch`, and `none`.
`clone` is the slowest option. It clones the repository from scratch for every
job, ensuring that the local working copy is always pristine.
```yaml
variables:
GIT_STRATEGY: clone
```
`fetch` is faster as it re-uses the local working copy (falling back to `clone`
if it does not exist). `git clean` is used to undo any changes made by the last
job, and `git fetch` is used to retrieve commits made since the last job ran.
```yaml
variables:
GIT_STRATEGY: fetch
```
`none` also re-uses the local working copy, but skips all Git operations
(including GitLab Runner's pre-clone script, if present). It's mostly useful
for jobs that operate exclusively on artifacts (for example, `deploy`). Git repository
data may be present, but it's certain to be out of date, so you should only
rely on files brought into the local working copy from cache or artifacts.
```yaml
variables:
GIT_STRATEGY: none
```
NOTE: **Note:**
`GIT_STRATEGY` is not supported for
[Kubernetes executor](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/kubernetes.html),
but may be in the future. See the [support Git strategy with Kubernetes executor feature proposal](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/issues/3847)
for updates.
### Git submodule strategy
> Requires GitLab Runner v1.10+.
The `GIT_SUBMODULE_STRATEGY` variable is used to control if / how Git
submodules are included when fetching the code before a build. You can set them
globally or per-job in the [`variables`](#variables) section.
There are three possible values: `none`, `normal`, and `recursive`:
- `none` means that submodules won't be included when fetching the project
code. This is the default, which matches the pre-v1.10 behavior.
- `normal` means that only the top-level submodules will be included. It's
equivalent to:
```shell
git submodule sync
git submodule update --init
```
- `recursive` means that all submodules (including submodules of submodules)
will be included. This feature needs Git v1.8.1 and later. When using a
GitLab Runner with an executor not based on Docker, make sure the Git version
meets that requirement. It's equivalent to:
```shell
git submodule sync --recursive
git submodule update --init --recursive
```
Note that for this feature to work correctly, the submodules must be configured
(in `.gitmodules`) with either:
- the HTTP(S) URL of a publicly-accessible repository, or
- a relative path to another repository on the same GitLab server. See the
[Git submodules](../git_submodules.md) documentation.
### Git checkout
> Introduced in GitLab Runner 9.3.
The `GIT_CHECKOUT` variable can be used when the `GIT_STRATEGY` is set to either
`clone` or `fetch` to specify whether a `git checkout` should be run. If not
specified, it defaults to true. You can set them globally or per-job in the
[`variables`](#variables) section.
If set to `false`, the runner will:
- when doing `fetch` - update the repository and leave working copy on
the current revision,
- when doing `clone` - clone the repository and leave working copy on the
default branch.
Having this setting set to `true` will mean that for both `clone` and `fetch`
strategies the runner will checkout the working copy to a revision related
to the CI pipeline:
```yaml
variables:
GIT_STRATEGY: clone
GIT_CHECKOUT: "false"
script:
- git checkout -B master origin/master
- git merge $CI_COMMIT_SHA
```
### Git clean flags
> Introduced in GitLab Runner 11.10
The `GIT_CLEAN_FLAGS` variable is used to control the default behavior of
`git clean` after checking out the sources. You can set it globally or per-job in the
[`variables`](#variables) section.
`GIT_CLEAN_FLAGS` accepts all possible options of the [`git clean`](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-clean)
command.
`git clean` is disabled if `GIT_CHECKOUT: "false"` is specified.
If `GIT_CLEAN_FLAGS` is:
- Not specified, `git clean` flags default to `-ffdx`.
- Given the value `none`, `git clean` is not executed.
For example:
```yaml
variables:
GIT_CLEAN_FLAGS: -ffdx -e cache/
script:
- ls -al cache/
```
### Git fetch extra flags
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/issues/4142) in GitLab Runner 13.1.
The `GIT_FETCH_EXTRA_FLAGS` variable is used to control the behavior of
`git fetch`. You can set it globally or per-job in the [`variables`](#variables) section.
`GIT_FETCH_EXTRA_FLAGS` accepts all possible options of the [`git fetch`](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-fetch) command, but please note that `GIT_FETCH_EXTRA_FLAGS` flags will be appended after the default flags that can't be modified.
The default flags are:
- [GIT_DEPTH](#shallow-cloning).
- The list of [refspecs](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Internals-The-Refspec).
- A remote called `origin`.
If `GIT_FETCH_EXTRA_FLAGS` is:
- Not specified, `git fetch` flags default to `--prune --quiet` along with the default flags.
- Given the value `none`, `git fetch` is executed only with the default flags.
For example, the default flags are `--prune --quiet`, so you can make `git fetch` more verbose by overriding this with just `--prune`:
```yaml
variables:
GIT_FETCH_EXTRA_FLAGS: --prune
script:
- ls -al cache/
```
The configuration above will result in `git fetch` being called this way:
```shell
git fetch origin $REFSPECS --depth 50 --prune
```
Where `$REFSPECS` is a value provided to the runner internally by GitLab.
### Job stages attempts
> Introduced in GitLab, it requires GitLab Runner v1.9+.
You can set the number for attempts the running job will try to execute each
of the following stages:
| Variable | Description |
|-----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|
| **ARTIFACT_DOWNLOAD_ATTEMPTS** | Number of attempts to download artifacts running a job |
| **EXECUTOR_JOB_SECTION_ATTEMPTS** | [Since GitLab 12.10](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/issues/4450), the number of attempts to run a section in a job after a [`No Such Container`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/issues/4450) error ([Docker executor](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/executors/docker.html) only). |
| **GET_SOURCES_ATTEMPTS** | Number of attempts to fetch sources running a job |
| **RESTORE_CACHE_ATTEMPTS** | Number of attempts to restore the cache running a job |
The default is one single attempt.
Example:
```yaml
variables:
GET_SOURCES_ATTEMPTS: 3
```
You can set them globally or per-job in the [`variables`](#variables) section.
### Shallow cloning
> Introduced in GitLab 8.9 as an experimental feature.
NOTE: **Note:**
As of GitLab 12.0, newly created projects will automatically have a [default `git depth` value of `50`](../pipelines/settings.md#git-shallow-clone).
You can specify the depth of fetching and cloning using `GIT_DEPTH`. This does a
shallow clone of the repository and can significantly speed up cloning for
repositories with a large number of commits or old, large binaries. The value is
passed to `git fetch` and `git clone`.
NOTE: **Note:**
If you use a depth of 1 and have a queue of jobs or retry
jobs, jobs may fail.
Since Git fetching and cloning is based on a ref, such as a branch name, runners
can't clone a specific commit SHA. If there are multiple jobs in the queue, or
you're retrying an old job, the commit to be tested needs to be within the
Git history that is cloned. Setting too small a value for `GIT_DEPTH` can make
it impossible to run these old commits. You will see `unresolved reference` in
job logs. You should then reconsider changing `GIT_DEPTH` to a higher value.
Jobs that rely on `git describe` may not work correctly when `GIT_DEPTH` is
set since only part of the Git history is present.
To fetch or clone only the last 3 commits:
```yaml
variables:
GIT_DEPTH: "3"
```
You can set it globally or per-job in the [`variables`](#variables) section.
### Custom build directories
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-runner/-/issues/2211) in GitLab Runner 11.10.
NOTE: **Note:**
This can only be used when `custom_build_dir` is enabled in the [runner's
configuration](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/configuration/advanced-configuration.html#the-runnerscustom_build_dir-section).
This is the default configuration for `docker` and `kubernetes` executor.
By default, GitLab Runner clones the repository in a unique subpath of the
`$CI_BUILDS_DIR` directory. However, your project might require the code in a
specific directory (Go projects, for example). In that case, you can specify
the `GIT_CLONE_PATH` variable to tell the runner the directory to clone the
repository in:
```yaml
variables:
GIT_CLONE_PATH: $CI_BUILDS_DIR/project-name
test:
script:
- pwd
```
The `GIT_CLONE_PATH` has to always be within `$CI_BUILDS_DIR`. The directory set in `$CI_BUILDS_DIR`
is dependent on executor and configuration of [runners.builds_dir](https://docs.gitlab.com/runner/configuration/advanced-configuration.html#the-runners-section)
setting.
#### Handling concurrency
An executor using a concurrency greater than `1` might lead
to failures because multiple jobs might be working on the same directory if the `builds_dir`
is shared between jobs.
GitLab Runner does not try to prevent this situation. It's up to the administrator
and developers to comply with the requirements of runner configuration.
To avoid this scenario, you can use a unique path within `$CI_BUILDS_DIR`, because runner
exposes two additional variables that provide a unique `ID` of concurrency:
- `$CI_CONCURRENT_ID`: Unique ID for all jobs running within the given executor.
- `$CI_CONCURRENT_PROJECT_ID`: Unique ID for all jobs running within the given executor and project.
The most stable configuration that should work well in any scenario and on any executor
is to use `$CI_CONCURRENT_ID` in the `GIT_CLONE_PATH`. For example:
```yaml
variables:
GIT_CLONE_PATH: $CI_BUILDS_DIR/$CI_CONCURRENT_ID/project-name
test:
script:
- pwd
```
The `$CI_CONCURRENT_PROJECT_ID` should be used in conjunction with `$CI_PROJECT_PATH`
as the `$CI_PROJECT_PATH` provides a path of a repository. That is, `group/subgroup/project`. For example:
```yaml
variables:
GIT_CLONE_PATH: $CI_BUILDS_DIR/$CI_CONCURRENT_ID/$CI_PROJECT_PATH
test:
script:
- pwd
```
#### Nested paths
The value of `GIT_CLONE_PATH` is expanded once and nesting variables
within is not supported.
For example, you define both the variables below in your
`.gitlab-ci.yml` file:
```yaml
variables:
GOPATH: $CI_BUILDS_DIR/go
GIT_CLONE_PATH: $GOPATH/src/namespace/project
```
The value of `GIT_CLONE_PATH` is expanded once into
`$CI_BUILDS_DIR/go/src/namespace/project`, and results in failure
because `$CI_BUILDS_DIR` is not expanded.
## Special YAML features
It's possible to use special YAML features like anchors (`&`), aliases (`*`)
and map merging (`<<`). Use these features to reduce the complexity
of `.gitlab-ci.yml`.
Read more about the various [YAML features](https://learnxinyminutes.com/docs/yaml/).
In most cases, the [`extends` keyword](#extends) is more user friendly and should
be used over these special YAML features. YAML anchors may still
need to be used to merge arrays.
### Anchors
> Introduced in GitLab 8.6 and GitLab Runner v1.1.1.
YAML has a handy feature called 'anchors', which lets you easily duplicate
content across your document. Anchors can be used to duplicate/inherit
properties, and is a perfect example to be used with [hidden jobs](#hide-jobs)
to provide templates for your jobs. When there is duplicate keys, GitLab will
perform a reverse deep merge based on the keys.
The following example uses anchors and map merging. It will create two jobs,
`test1` and `test2`, that will inherit the parameters of `.job_template`, each
having their own custom `script` defined:
```yaml
.job_template: &job_definition # Hidden key that defines an anchor named 'job_definition'
image: ruby:2.6
services:
- postgres
- redis
test1:
<<: *job_definition # Merge the contents of the 'job_definition' alias
script:
- test1 project
test2:
<<: *job_definition # Merge the contents of the 'job_definition' alias
script:
- test2 project
```
`&` sets up the name of the anchor (`job_definition`), `<<` means "merge the
given hash into the current one", and `*` includes the named anchor
(`job_definition` again). The expanded version looks like this:
```yaml
.job_template:
image: ruby:2.6
services:
- postgres
- redis
test1:
image: ruby:2.6
services:
- postgres
- redis
script:
- test1 project
test2:
image: ruby:2.6
services:
- postgres
- redis
script:
- test2 project
```
Let's see another one example. This time we will use anchors to define two sets
of services. This will create two jobs, `test:postgres` and `test:mysql`, that
will share the `script` directive defined in `.job_template`, and the `services`
directive defined in `.postgres_services` and `.mysql_services` respectively:
```yaml
.job_template: &job_definition
script:
- test project
tags:
- dev
.postgres_services:
services: &postgres_definition
- postgres
- ruby
.mysql_services:
services: &mysql_definition
- mysql
- ruby
test:postgres:
<<: *job_definition
services: *postgres_definition
tags:
- postgres
test:mysql:
<<: *job_definition
services: *mysql_definition
```
The expanded version looks like this:
```yaml
.job_template:
script:
- test project
tags:
- dev
.postgres_services:
services:
- postgres
- ruby
.mysql_services:
services:
- mysql
- ruby
test:postgres:
script:
- test project
services:
- postgres
- ruby
tags:
- postgres
test:mysql:
script:
- test project
services:
- mysql
- ruby
tags:
- dev
```
You can see that the hidden jobs are conveniently used as templates.
NOTE: **Note:**
Note that `tags: [dev]` has been overwritten by `tags: [postgres]`.
NOTE: **Note:**
You can't use YAML anchors across multiple files when leveraging the [`include`](#include)
feature. Anchors are only valid within the file they were defined in. Instead
of using YAML anchors, you can use the [`extends` keyword](#extends).
#### YAML anchors for `before_script` and `after_script`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/23005) in GitLab 12.5.
You can use [YAML anchors](#anchors) with `before_script` and `after_script`,
which makes it possible to include a predefined list of commands in multiple
jobs.
Example:
```yaml
.something_before: &something_before
- echo 'something before'
.something_after: &something_after
- echo 'something after'
- echo 'another thing after'
job_name:
before_script:
- *something_before
script:
- echo 'this is the script'
after_script:
- *something_after
```
#### YAML anchors for `script`
> [Introduced](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/23005) in GitLab 12.5.
You can use [YAML anchors](#anchors) with scripts, which makes it possible to
include a predefined list of commands in multiple jobs.
For example:
```yaml
.something: &something
- echo 'something'
job_name:
script:
- *something
- echo 'this is the script'
```
#### YAML anchors for variables
[YAML anchors](#anchors) can be used with `variables`, to easily repeat assignment
of variables across multiple jobs. It can also enable more flexibility when a job
requires a specific `variables` block that would otherwise override the global variables.
In the example below, we will override the `GIT_STRATEGY` variable without affecting
the use of the `SAMPLE_VARIABLE` variable:
```yaml
# global variables
variables: &global-variables
SAMPLE_VARIABLE: sample_variable_value
ANOTHER_SAMPLE_VARIABLE: another_sample_variable_value
# a job that needs to set the GIT_STRATEGY variable, yet depend on global variables
job_no_git_strategy:
stage: cleanup
variables:
<<: *global-variables
GIT_STRATEGY: none
script: echo $SAMPLE_VARIABLE
```
### Hide jobs
> Introduced in GitLab 8.6 and GitLab Runner v1.1.1.
If you want to temporarily 'disable' a job, rather than commenting out all the
lines where the job is defined:
```yaml
#hidden_job:
# script:
# - run test
```
You can instead start its name with a dot (`.`) and it won't be processed by
GitLab CI/CD. In the following example, `.hidden_job` will be ignored:
```yaml
.hidden_job:
script:
- run test
```
Use this feature to ignore jobs, or use the
[special YAML features](#special-yaml-features) and transform the hidden jobs
into templates.
## Skip Pipeline
If your commit message contains `[ci skip]` or `[skip ci]`, using any
capitalization, the commit will be created but the pipeline will be skipped.
Alternatively, one can pass the `ci.skip` [Git push option](../../user/project/push_options.md#push-options-for-gitlab-cicd)
if using Git 2.10 or newer.
## Processing Git pushes
GitLab will create at most 4 branch and tag pipelines when
pushing multiple changes in single `git push` invocation.
This limitation does not affect any of the updated Merge Request pipelines.
All updated Merge Requests will have a pipeline created when using
[pipelines for merge requests](../merge_request_pipelines/index.md).
## Deprecated parameters
The following parameters are deprecated.
### Globally-defined `types`
CAUTION: **Deprecated:**
`types` is deprecated, and could be removed in a future release.
Use [`stages`](#stages) instead.
### Job-defined `type`
CAUTION: **Deprecated:**
`type` is deprecated, and could be removed in one of the future releases.
Use [`stage`](#stage) instead.
### Globally-defined `image`, `services`, `cache`, `before_script`, `after_script`
Defining `image`, `services`, `cache`, `before_script`, and
`after_script` globally is deprecated. Support could be removed
from a future release.
Use [`default:`](#global-defaults) instead. For example:
```yaml
default:
image: ruby:2.5
services:
- docker:dind
cache:
paths: [vendor/]
before_script:
- bundle install --path vendor/
after_script:
- rm -rf tmp/
```
<!-- ## Troubleshooting
Include any troubleshooting steps that you can foresee. If you know beforehand what issues
one might have when setting this up, or when something is changed, or on upgrading, it's
important to describe those, too. Think of things that may go wrong and include them here.
This is important to minimize requests for support, and to avoid doc comments with
questions that you know someone might ask.
Each scenario can be a third-level heading, e.g. `### Getting error message X`.
If you have none to add when creating a doc, leave this section in place
but commented out to help encourage others to add to it in the future. -->
|